「北太平洋における溯河性魚類の系群の保存のための条約」の検討

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  • "An Examination of the Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean"

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本稿において検討した「北太平洋における溯河性魚類の系群の保存のための条約」[以下, 本条約と略称]は, 北緯33度以北の北太平洋及びその接続海域にある公海において, 条約規定の7種類の溯河性魚類を対象とした漁獲の禁止と当該魚種の混獲を最小化することにより, 溯河性魚類の保存を促進し, 本条約の締約国である母川国の当該魚類に対する「第一義的利益」を徹底・強化しようとするものである. そこにおいてはまず, 本条約の締約国ではない国・団体が,条約区域内において条約違反の漁獲・混獲を行った場合, 国連海洋法条約及び慣習国際法との関係において, 当該漁獲・混獲の合法性の問題が生じる. 次に本条約は, 締約国に, 自国籍船が本条約規定を免れるために船籍を変更することを防止するための措置を義務づけているが, 実効性の面で疑義が呈される.更に本条約は, 条約違反の漁獲を防止するために, 合法的に採捕された当該魚類の製品であることを証明する原産地証明書に関する計画の策定を予定しているが, その策定に関しては, 締約国間における統一的・厳格な規定の制定が必要であろう. また本条約は, 条約違反の漁獲を海上において直接取り締まる権限を各締約国に与えているが, 広大な条約区域をカバーする取締手段の不足が指摘されている. 最後に, 本条約の締約国は, 当該魚類に対し「第一義的責任」も有しており, 自国EEZ内において, 総漁獲可能量とともに自国の漁獲能力を決定し, その余剰分については他国による漁獲を認めることが, 広大な公海海域での当該魚類の漁獲を禁止し, 自国EEZ内のみでの漁獲に限定した締約国の国際的責務と言えよう.

The Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean [hereafter,the Convention] provides that the directed fishing for anadromous fish listed in Part I of the Annex to the Convention shall be prohibited and the incidental taking of this anadromous fish shall be minimized to the maximum extent practicable in the "Convention Area," namely on the high seas of the North Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas, north of 33 degrees North Latitude. It can safely be said that the true purpose of the Convention is, under the name of promoting the conservation of anadoromous stocks, to strengthen "the primary interest" in anadromous stocks which the states of origin have under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea [hereafter, UNCLOS]. With regard to the Convention there remain some problems to solve.

First, if states or entities not party to the Convention conduct directed fishing for anadromous fish and incidental taking of such fish in the Convention Area, the problem of the legality of such fishing and taking arises in relation to UNCLOS and customary international law. Secondly, although the Convention requires all parties to take appropriate measures to prevent their fishermen from reflagging to avoid the prohibitions of the Convention, it appears that state practice does not necessarily comport with this provision. Thirdly, while the Convention mandates the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission to consider and make proposals to the parties for the enactment of a certificate-of-origin program attesting that products of anadromous fish are from fish which were lawfully harvested, it is imperative that the parties should commonly enact strict and unified rules of this. Fourthly, though the Convention anthorises the parties to enforce the provisions of the Convention at sea, there remains the problem of the lack of means of enforcement adequate to police the vast Convention Ares.

In conclusion, the parties have the primary responsibility for anadromous stocks as it is provided in the Convention, therefore they shall determine the total allowable catch and their capacity to harvest the anadromous stocks and give other states access to the surplus of the allowable catch, which is the responsibility of the parties which prohibit fishing anadromous fish on the vast high seas-the Convention Area-and restrict such fishing only to waters landward of the outer limits of their EEZ.

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