Lifestyle‐Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

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  • Nakashima Tamiji
    The First Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
  • Matsuno Kohji
    Bio-information Research Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
  • Matsushita Takayuki
    The Doi-ga-hama Site, Anthropological Museum

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  • Lifestyle-Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

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We analyzed lead concentrations in bones from both genders of Japanese merchants (including rohnin; masterless samurai) and farmer classes, and compared the findings with those of the samurai class in the Edo period (1603-1867) to clarify gender and hierarchical (or occupational) differences in lead exposure during the Japanese feudal age. Merchant class females had significantly higher lead exposure (90.8 μg Pb/g dry bone; n=20) than males of the same class (39.9 μg Pb/g dry bone; n=31) (p<0.01), indicating a remarkable gender difference in the urban population. In contrast to these high concentrations, males and females of the farmer class living in agricultural (or semi-rural) areas had significantly lower exposure (total mean value; 9.2 μg Pb/g dry bone; n=4) than both genders of the merchant class (p<0.001), and the gender difference was not significant in this class.<br>

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