Occurrence of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Surface Water from Mankyung River, South Korea

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  • Kim Joon-Woo
    Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto
  • Jang Hyo-Sang
    Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University
  • Kim Jong-Gu
    Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University
  • Ishibashi Hiroshi
    Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University
  • Hirano Masashi
    Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto
  • Nasu Kazuaki
    Faculty of Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
  • Ichikawa Nobuhiro
    College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
  • Takao Yuji
    Faculty of Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
  • Shinohara Ryota
    Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto
  • Arizono Koji
    Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto

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Abstract

The present study demonstrates the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water from the Mankyung River, South Korea. Samples collected at 5 Sites along theMankyung River were assayed using a liquid chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) for 13 PPCPs. Overall, 11 out of the 13 selected PPCPs, which span a range of therapeutic classes and one personal care product, were detected in surface water samples collected from the Mankyung River. The most prevalent contaminants were ibuprofen, with average concentrations ranging from not detected (ND) to 414 ng/l, followed by carbamazepine (ND-595 ng/l), atenolol (ND-690 ng/l), clarithromycin (ND-443 ng/l), mefenamic acid (ND-326 ng/l), erythromycin (ND-137 ng/l), fluconazole (ND-111 ng/l), levofloxacin (ND-87.4 ng/l), indomethacin (ND-33.5 ng/l), propranolol (ND-40.1 ng/l), ifenprodil (ND-35.4 ng/l), disopyramide (ND) and triclosan (ND). PPCP concentrations were highest in surface water samples collected downstream from a sewage treatment plant (STP), implying possibly insufficient removal efficiency of the PPCPs in the STP. Contamination by PPCPs such as ibuprofen, carbamazepine, atenolol, mefenamic acid and clarithromycin was high in the Mankyung River compared to concentrations in other countries.

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