生物間相互作用がもたらす形質進化を理解するために : 「花色変化」をモデルとした統合的アプローチのすすめ [in Japanese] An integrative approach to trait evolution via biological interactions : 'floral color change' as a model system [in Japanese]
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- 鈴木 美季 Suzuki Miki
- 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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- 大橋 一晴 Ohashi Kazuharu
- 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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- 牧野 崇司 Makino Takashi
- トロント大学進化生態学科 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
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Author(s)
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- 鈴木 美季 Suzuki Miki
- 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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- 大橋 一晴 Ohashi Kazuharu
- 筑波大学生命環境科学研究科 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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- 牧野 崇司 Makino Takashi
- トロント大学進化生態学科 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto
Abstract
生物間相互作用がもたらす形質進化の研究では、個々の生物が果たす役割とそのメカニズムについて、さまざまな角度から調べる統合的アプローチが必要とされている。被子植物のいくつかの種が見せる「花色変化」という現象は、植物、動物の両面から興味深い問題をいくつも含んでおり、こうした研究に適している。花色変化は、送受粉の役目を終えた花をわざわざ維持し、かつ色までも変えるという不思議な現象である。この形質の適応的意義として提唱された従来の仮説には、1)古い花を維持して株のディスプレイを大きく見せ、より多くのポリネーターを誘引する効果と、花粉や蜜を含まない古い花の色を変え、株を訪れたポリネーターを若い花に誘導する効果を組みあわせることで、他家受粉を促進するというものと、2)色を変えることで報酬を含まない花の存在をアピールし、株を訪れたポリネーターの立ち去りを早める効果をつうじ、他家受粉を促進するというものがある。しかし、これらの仮説はいずれも他家受粉の測定による裏づけがなされておらず、また個々の事例に見られるちがいを十分に説明できない。たとえば、古い花を摘みとった実験では、ポリネーターの訪問が減ったとの報告もあれば変わらなかったとする報告もある。また、被子植物の中には花色変化しない種も多数を占めている。さらに、色の変化部位や変化の引き金となる至近要因には著しい種間差がある。今後は、色変化をめぐる諸形質やそれらが引き起こす効果の「多様性」に目を向け、花色変化が、どんな条件のもとで、どんな形質との組みあわせにおいて進化するのか、といったより一般的な疑問に答えてゆく必要がある。そのためには、まず第一に、花の各部位の色や蜜生産の変化パターン、個花の寿命、開花スケジュール、そしてこれらの組みあわせによって実現される株全体のディスプレイ設計について、種間比較をおこなうことが有効だろう。第二に、ポリネーターの種類や個体の学習量のちがいによって生じる、花色変化への反応の多様性を把握する必要がある。そして第三に、花の形質とポリネーターの行動の相互作用をもとに、花色変化の進化を包括的に説明するための理論の整備も望まれる。こうして植物の繁殖生態学にとどまらず、生理学、行動学、そして理論生物学を組みあわせることで、花色変化、ひいては生物間相互作用がもたらす形質進化の研究は大きな進展をとげるだろう。
Ontogenic color changes in fully turgid flowers ("floral color change") occur in many angiosperms and constitute a good opportunity for studying the role of biotic interactions in shaping organisms using an integrated approach. Two evolutionary hypotheses explain this peculiar trait, in which plants retain reproductively non-functioning, rewardless flowers that have changed in color: 1) the retention of old flowers enhances cross-pollination because it increases pollinator attraction, while the color difference helps pollinators to detect young flowers; and 2) rewardless flowers discourage pollinators from staying on a plant and reduce self-pollination. These hypotheses have not been tested in terms of realized cross-pollination and fail to explain several observed patterns: the inconsistent effects of old flowers on pollinator attraction; the prevalence of species without floral color changes; the variation in floral parts that undergo color changes; and the difference in proximate factors triggering color changes. Future research should examine this diversity and develop an integrated approach, including comparisons across related species of the color and reward changes, floral longevity, flowering schedule, and floral design; an understanding of diverse pollinator responses to color change in relation to their cognitive abilities; and a theoretical exploration of the evolution of these traits.
Journal
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- JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
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JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 61(3), 259-274, 2011
The Ecological Society of Japan
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