春秋時代の領域支配--邑の支配をめぐって

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タイトル別名
  • Control of Territory in the Spring and Autumn Period: Concerning the Control of the Yi 邑
  • シュンジュウ ジダイ ノ リョウイキ シハイ ユウ ノ シハイ オ メグッテ

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抄録

The development of the territorial control in the pre-Qin period has been understood in terms of the process of the organization and development of the commandery and district system 郡縣制 in the Qin-Han era. During the Spring and Autumn period the appearance of the district, xian 縣, in contrast to the traditional yi 邑 (a general term for towns), has been regarded as the commencement of the new system of control and attention has been concentrated on clarifying its characteristics and the differences between it and the Qin-Han commandery and district system. Nevertheless, because previous studies have been limited to an examination of the xian alone, the special character of the xian has been overly emphasized. On the other hand, as there have been few studies examining yi outside the xian, these results have not been sufficiently related to the results of studies of the xian. Armed with an awareness of these problems, this article chiefly addresses territorial control in the Spring and Autumn period and the control of the yi in particular. In the first section, after systematically reviewing the history of the field, I indicate the various issues therein and express doubts about the belief of that xian and yi differed systematically. At the same time, I assert the necessity of a wideranging general study of the yi. In the second section, I first confirm the manner in which the territory of the states of feudal princes was referred to in the literature of the day. Then, I explore the nature of the right to rule exercised over the yi that formed the territory. Ideally, the right to rule all the yi within the territory belonged to the ruler of the state, but in reality it was a simple matter for subjects to establish private territory. Under such circumstances, I discuss the method by which those who ruled in regions removed from the capitals and those who ruled states sought to build solidarity. In the third section, I focus on incidents of revolt in the yi and elucidate the character of the yiren 邑人, the subjects who were ruled in the yi. The yiren were a fluid group that might easily collaborate with the rebels, and right to rule of the national state hardly permeate down to their level. In addition, yi on the margins of territories 竟 (in the borderlands) were the first line of defense and important communication routes, and nevertheless there was a tendency for them to frequently become the vital points of rebellion. From this it can be seen that th methods of controlling distant locations was at that time extremely underdeveloped. In the fourth section, I examine the military role of the yi. Heretofore the military role of the xian has been emphasized exclusively, but there was no distinction between the xian and the yi in terms of advances in military functionality, which was a universal phenomenon at the time. Here, I focus in particular on military mobilization from the yi. Although the yi that would be the object of military mobilization were geographically limited, it can be considered to have functioned as an efficient means of controlling the yiren since it was necessary to forcefully implement military mobilization. Then, military mobilization in this manner became a turning point leading to the amelioration of the instability of yi rule and promoting the strengthening of control.

収録刊行物

  • 東洋史研究

    東洋史研究 65 (4), 615-652, 2007-03

    東洋史研究会

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