古代・中世の鋳鉄鋳物

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鋳鉄鋳物は，こわれると地金として再利用されるため，資料数は少ないが，古代・中世の鍋釜について消費遺跡出土品・生産遺跡出土鋳型・社寺所蔵伝世品の資料を集成した。これらは，羽釜・鍋Ａ・鍋Ｂ・鍋Ｃ・鍋Ｉ・鉄鉢などに大別でき，９世紀～16世紀の間の各器種の形態変化を検討した。また，古代には羽釜と鍋Ｉが存在し，中世を通じて羽釜・鍋Ａ・鍋Ｃが生産・消費されたが，鍋Ｂは14世紀に出現し，次第に鍋の主体を占めるにいたるという，器種構成上の変化がある。また，地域によって異なった器種が用いられた。まず，畿内を中心とする地方では，羽釜・鍋A・鍋Bが併用されたが，その他の西日本の各地では，鍋Ａ・鍋Ｂが主要な器種であった。一方，東日本では中世を通じて鍋Ｃが主要な煮沸形態であり，西日本では青銅で作る仏具も，ここでは鉄仏や鉄鉢のように鋳鉄で製作されることもあった。また，近畿地方の湯立て神事に使われた伝世品の湯釜を，装飾・形態・銘文などによって型式分類すると，河内・大和・山城などの各国の鋳造工人の製品として峻別できた。その流通圏は中世の後半では，一国単位程度の範囲である。こうした鋳鉄鋳物を生産したのは，中世には「鋳物師」と呼ばれる工人であった。鋳造遺跡の調査成果から，銅鉄兼業の生産形態をとるものが多かったことが想定できる。また，生産工房は，古代には製鉄工房に寄生する形態をとるが，中世には鋳物砂の産地周辺に立地する場合が多い。中世後半には都市の周縁に立地するものも現われた。生産に必要な固定資本の大きさから考えて，商業的遍歴はありえても，移動的操業は少なかったものと推定できる。

The author collected data on pots and kettles of the Ancient and Medieval Ages based on the objects excavated from consumption sites, molds excavated from production sites, and articles handed down and owned by temples and shrines; though the number of cast-iron articles left as historical materials is limited because, when broken, they were recycled into ground metal. The objects can be broadly classified into “hagama” or ridged pots, pots A, pots B, pots C, pots I, and iron bowls. The change in shape was examined for each vessel type over the period of the 9th to 16th Centuries. The following changes occurred in the types: In Ancient times, “hagama” or ridged pots and pots I already existed. Throughout the Medieval Age, ridged pots, pots A and C were produced and used, while pots B appeared in the 14th Century, and gradually came to be the main type of pot. Furthermore, the type of vessel used differed according to the area. In the region centering around Kinai, ridged pots, pots A and B were all used together. In various regions of Western Japan outside the Kinai area, pots A and B were the main vessel types. On the other hand, in Eastern Japan, pots C were the main type used for boiling throughout the Medieval Age. While Buddhist tools were made of bronze in Western Japan, here some of them were made of cast iron; iron Buddhas and iron bowls. Ridged pots used for divine water-boiling service and handed down in the Kinki District may be classified according to their ornamentation, shape, inscription, etc. and they were distinguished as the products of casting workers in the countries of Kawachi, Yamato, and Yamashiro. The area of distribution of the products in the latter half of the Medieval Age was more or less limited to the one country.It was the artisans called “Imonoshi” (casters) in the Midieval Age who produced these cast iron articles. Based on the results of investigations of iron casting sites, it can be supposed that most of these artisans cast both copper and iron. Iron foundries were attached to iron smelting workshops in the Ancient Age. In the Medieval Age, however, many of them were located around the production areas of casting sand. In the latter half of the Medieval Age, some came to be located on the peripheries of cities. Considering the size of fixed capital required for production, it is estimated that few casters ran mobile operations, even if some might have traveled commercially.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun2/index.html#no46

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