弥生時代のブタの形質について

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  • ヤヨイ ジダイ ノ ブタ ノ ケイシツ ニ ツイテ

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弥生時代のブタの形質について，家畜化現象を見るポイントを説明した後，第１頚椎と上顎第３後臼歯の計測値を中心に検討した。まず，第１頚椎の形態では，朝日遺跡の資料によって，イノシシとブタを区別できることを示した。第１頚椎の上部は，イノシシでは高くなるのに対してブタでは低くなる。縄文時代や現代のイノシシの計測値を参考にすると，高さが長さの58％よりも高いものはイノシシで，それよりも低いものはブタと推定された。これは，ブタが餌を与えられるために，イノシシよりも首の筋肉を使う程度が低く，そのため首の筋肉の発達が弱くなり，それにしたがって骨の発達も悪くなるのではないかと思われる。この基準に従えば，朝日遺跡ではイノシシ類の15％がイノシシで85％がブタということになった。次に上顎第３後臼歯では，縄文時代のイノシシに比べて弥生時代のイノシシ類では小さくなっていることが明らかとなった。この縮小の程度は，縄文時代以降のイノシシの縮小の程度と比べてみても大きい。気候変化や人口増加・狩猟圧などを含む島嶼化現象だけではなく，家畜化の影響が歯を小さくした大きな要因ではないかと推測された。その他の部位では，これまでにも述べているように，ブタでは頭蓋骨が高くなることを，下郡桑苗遺跡出土の資料で説明した。また，下顎骨では連合部と下顎骨底部の延長線の成す角度が，ブタではイノシシに比べて大きくなることを説明した。

The author first explains the points to note in the phenomena of the domestication of the pig in the Yayoi period, then examines their physical character, centering on the measurements of the first cervical vertebrae and of the third molar of the upper jaw. With the shape of the first cervical vertebrae, the author show that the wild boar and the pig can be distinguished according to the materials excavated from the Asahi Site. The upper part of the first cervical vertebrae is high in the wild boar, and low in the pig. Referring to the measurements of wild boars of the Jōmon period and of the present, it was deduced that those in which the height of the first cervical vertebrae was more than 58% of the length were wild boars, and those in which the height was less than 58% of the length were pigs. The reason for this may be as follows: Since pigs were given their food, their neck muscles developed less than wild boars, and thus their neck bones also developed less well. According to this standard, among the genus of Sus at the Asahi Site, 15% were boars and 85% pigs.Next, an examination of the third molar of the upper jaw made it clear that the tooth of the sus in the Yayoi period was smaller than that of the Jōmon period. The degree of reduction was great even in comparison with the degree of reduction in wild boars seen after the Jōmon period. Not only the islanding phenomena, including climatic change, increase in human population and pressure from hunting, but also the influence of domestication, is thought to have been a large factor in the reduction in size of the tooth. As for other parts of the body, the author uses the materials of Shimogoori-Kuwanae to explain that the cranium of the pig became higher. The author further explains that the angle made by the extension of the copula and the bottom part of the mandible was larger in pigs than in wild boars.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun2/index.html#no50

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