日本の隠居制家族の構造とその地域的変差

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  • ニホン ノ インキョセイ カゾク ノ コウゾウ ト ソノ チイキテキ ヘンサ

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本稿は日本各地の隠居制家族の比較分析を通じて、日本における隠居制家族の諸類型を設定し、その地域的変差を通じて隠居制家族の構造を明らかにし、さらに日本の家族類型における隠居制家族の位置と村落社会構造との関連を明らかにしようとする一試論である。ここで試みる隠居制家族の類型化は、日本の家族の地域類型設定の一部をなすものであり、その意味でこの研究は日本社会の地域性研究の重要な一部をなすものである。隠居制についてはこれまでさまざまな概念規定が試みられてきているが、ここでは地域社会に規制された家族内部において、居住分離を基本とするある程度独立した複数の生活単位を形成する家族制度である、と規定した。この規定にしたがえば、隠居制家族は福島県を北限とし、トカラ列島宝島を南限とする各地の村落に認められる。これらの隠居制家族を比較分析して本稿では、あとつぎの結婚から隠居形成までの期間、生活単位の成員構成、隠居者と母屋構成員との関係および婚姻居住形態の三つを指標として、日本の隠居制家族の類型化を試み、「父性型」「婿入婚型」「双性型」の三類型を設定した。父性型は嫁入婚を基礎として、親夫婦と息子夫婦が家族内で別個の生活単位を形成する型である。婿入婚型は妻訪いをともなう婿入婚を基礎とする隠居制家族であり、父―息子二世代夫婦不同居の原則が貫徹されている。双性型は夫方の親夫婦のみならず、妻方の親夫婦との間にも隠居制家族を形成する型である。これらの型によって地域的分布も異なる。隠居制家族は構造的には、夫婦関係を中心とする日常生活上の分離と、親子関係を軸とする家族としての統合との妥協的な家族構造であり、程度の差を内包しつつも分離と統合のふたつの側面をもつ家族構造である。また隠居制家族と世代階層制、宮座などの村落組織との構造的な関係は稀薄である。

This paper aims to set out the various types of the double-unit-type family in Japan, through a comparative analysis of double-unit-type families in various areas throughout Japan, to clarify the structure of this family system through regional variations, and furthermore to clarify the relationship between the position of the double-unit-type family in Japanese family types, and the structure of village society. The typification of the double-unit-type family system attempted here forms a part of the setting out of regional types of Japanese families. In this sense, this study forms an important part of research on regionalism in Japanese society.Various concepts have been put forward regarding the double-unit system. In this paper, the author defines it as a family system made up of multiple life-units independent to a certain extent, based on residential separation with in a family regulated by the local society. According to this definition, the double-unit-type family system can be seen in villages in each area, from Fukushima Prefecture in the north to the Takara Island in the Tokara Archipelago in the south. Through a comparative analysis of these double-unit-type family systems, the author attempts to type the Japanese double-unit-type family systems using three indexes, as follows: (1) the period from the marriage of the heir to the formation of the sub unit, (2) structure of members in the life unit, and (3) the relationship between the sub-unit members and main-house members, and the matrimonial residential forms; and he sets out three types as follows: “patrilateral type”, “uxori-virilocal marriage type” (where the man visits his wife at her parents' home), and “bilateral type”. The patrilateral type, based on the taking of a wife in marriage, is a type in which the parents and the son and his wife form separate life units within the family. The uxori-virilocal marriage type is a double-unit-type family system based on the taking of a husband in marriage, together with visits to the wife's family, in which the principal of residential separation between father and son is respected. The bilateral type forms a double-unit-type family not only with the husband's parents, but also with the wife's parents. Regional distribution differs according to the type of double-unit-family system.Structurally, the double-unit-type family system is a family structure compromising between the separation of daily life centered around the conjugal relationship, and integration as a family based on the parent-child relationship; it is a family structure bringing together the two aspects of separation and integration, while admitting differences in extent. The structural relationship between the double-unit-type family system, generation-grade social system and village organizations such as Miyaza (rotation-type cult organization) is weak.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun3/index.html#no52

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