原発事故被害者集団訴訟7判決と「ふるさとの喪失」被害

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  • ゲンパツ ジコ ヒガイシャ シュウダン ソショウ 7ハンケツ ト フルサト ノ ソウシツ ヒガイ

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はじめに : 福島原発事故の発生から8年が経とうとしている。政府はこれまで、除染やインフラ復旧・整備などの復興政策を進めてきたが、今も被害が収束したとはいえない。その一方で、賠償や支援策は打ち切られつつある。2017年春、帰還困難区域等を除いて避難指示が解除された。解除された地域では、2018年3月までで慰謝料の賠償が終了した。また、避難者に対する仮設住宅の提供も順次終了へ向かっている。こうしたなかで、2017年3月以降、原発事故被害者の集団訴訟で複数の判決が出されている。これらの訴訟は、国や東京電力(以下、東電)の責任を追及するとともに、深刻な被害実態を踏まえ、損害賠償や環境の原状回復を求めるものだ。また、原告本人の救済にとどまらず、復興政策のあり方を転換していくことも目標とされている。提訴は北海道から九州まで20の地裁・支部に及び、原告数は1万2000人を超えた。集団訴訟における大きな争点の1つに、「ふるさとの喪失」被害の評価がある。筆者は2011年からこの問題について複数の論稿を発表しているが、現地調査を重ね、日本環境会議(JEC)福島原発事故賠償問題研究会などの場で議論を深めることで、筆者の考察も発展してきている。そこで本稿では、これまで出された集団訴訟の7判決を検討するとともに、「ふるさとの喪失」被害についてあらためて論じたい。

A large amount of radioactive substances was released following the nuclear accident in Fukushima in March 2011, resulting in severe environmental contamination. Following the accident, the local administration functions of nine towns and villages were transferred to other municipalities, paralyzing socioeconomic functions over a wide area. Many people lost their former occupations and livelihoods as well as the conditions required to support these-following large-scale evacuation. These conditions include all conditions required to engage in daily work and life, including private property such as homes or agricultural land built over many days and years, basic conditions such as infrastructure of all kinds, economic and social relationships, environments, and natural resources. Evacuation orders began being rescinded in April 2014, with orders ultimately being rescinded for 32,000 people as of spring 2017. However, the outlook is not so bright for those returning home. Even if local administration functions are restored and populations flow back into local areas to engage in work such as decommissioning or decontaminating the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the community will not be restored to what it was prior to the accident if local residents are replaced. If the majority of local residents are forced to evacuate due to a nuclear accident, it will be extremely difficult to restore regional society to its original state. The damage caused by "loss of hometown" is extremely serious, and therefore, is a crucial point at issue in class action lawsuits filed by nuclear accident victims in regions all over Japan. During a roughly one-year period beginning in March 2017, seven decisions from district courts were handed down for these class action lawsuits. In all of these decisions, the courts independently decided to recognize damages outside the guidelines for reparations established by the national Dispute Reconciliation Committee for Nuclear Damage Compensation. The Chiba District Court (September 2017), Tokyo District Court (February 2018), and the Iwaki Branch of the Fukushima District Court (March 2018) all recognized damage caused by "loss of hometown" and ordered reparations to be paid. However, damages have not been sufficiently evaluated. The amounts acknowledged for areas outside of those that received evacuation orders are especially low. The courts will need to evaluate damages with consideration as to how severe the actual damage is.

収録刊行物

  • 経営研究

    経営研究 69 (3-4), 17-32, 2019-02-28

    大阪市立大学経営学会

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