学校保健史における養護概念の一転換 : 昭和初期の大西永次郎の鍛練と養護の一体化論

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  • ガッコウ ホケンシ ニオケル ヨウゴ ガイネン ノ イチテンカン : ショウワ ショキ ノ オオニシ エイジロウ ノ タンレン ト ヨウゴ ノ イッタイカロン
  • A Transformation of the Concept of School Nursing in the History of School Health : Eijiro Ohnishi’s theory of unification of training and “Yogo” (school nursing) in the early years of the Showa Era

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Abstract

type:論文

In 1941, there was a major turning point in the prewar school health history. With the proclamation of the Act of National Elementary Schools (Kokumingakkou rei), school nurses (Gakko kangofu) became educational staff called Yogo-Teachers (Yogo-kundo). The advent of the Yogo-Teacher system during the war is considered to be an epoch in the history of school nurses. In this study, we revisited how epoch-making the advent of the Yogo-Teacher system (1941) was. Specifically, we reviewed the concept of “Yogo” in the Yogo-Teacher system introduced in 1941. In the first place, we evaluated if the concept of “Yogo” (1941) had the same meaning as “Yogo” in the modern-day school nurse system. Thus, the concept of “Yogo” which had been considered self-evident, was examined from a new point of view in this study. To examine this problem, discourses of Eijiro Ohnishi (1886-1975), who became a school hygiene officer of the Ministry of Education in April 1938 and led the school hygiene administration in the early Showa era, are important. Particularly,“The wholeness and new school hygiene” (Zentaisei to Shin-Gakkoueisei, Yubunkan, 1938) is his noteworthy textbook when the Yogo-Teacher system (1941) was established. This book was written in the year that the Ministry of Health and Welfare had been newly established under the leadership of the Army while Japan was on the way to all-out war. In this book, Ohnishi discussed the theory of “Yogo” in combination with the theory of physical education to supplement the training, from the viewpoint that the objective of school hygiene is to improve the physical constitution of the population for the nation. In this study, Ohnishi’s theory was compared with the older “Yogo” concepts of four experts of school hygiene to highlight the uniqueness of Ohnishi’s “Yogo” concept at that time. As a result, the concept of “Yogo” of Yogo-Teacher system (1941) was positioned in the history of “Yogo” concept. Furthermore, relationships between the Yogo-Teacher system (1941) and real schools, such as activities of Yogo-Teachers (Yogo-kundo, 1941) institutionalized under the new concept of “Yogo” and any confusion they might have were determined.

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