マカーレンコ教育思想受容の一断面 : 作品『教育詩』と映画『人生案内』の関係についての考察

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  • An Aspect of the Reception of A. S. Makarenko's Pedagogical Ideas in Japan : On the Relation between the "Pedagogical Poem" and the Film "Road to Life"
  • マカーレンコ キョウイク シソウ ジュヨウ ノ イチ ダンメン サクヒン キョウイクシ ト エイガ ジンセイ アンナイ ノ カンケイ ニ ツイテ ノ コウサツ

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Since perestroika, as a consequence of the concomitant glasnost (dissemination of information) for the field of education, we have begun to gain free access to a great deal of the information that had remained closed to the public until now. With this trend, we are also provided with the information about Makarenko that had been unknown to us, and lively discussions have followed from it. The aim of this paper is to investigate, in light of the documents that have become available in recent years, the relation between A. S. Makarenko and his "Pedagogical Poem, " on one hand, and the film "Road to Life", on the other. This has been known in Japan as a cinematic interpretation of Makarenko's pedagogical practices. "Road to Life" has long been regarded as a film based on the model of Makarenko's pedagogical practices, especially on that of his work "Pedagogical Poem." It was produced as the first Soviet talkie film in 1931, and received the Best Director award in the first Venice Film Festival. The film was also a commercial success and went on to be shown in Japan in 1932. Because the subject of the film was the reeducation of juvenile delinquents and orphans, and also because it commemorated F. Dzerzhi-nsky, "Road to Life" has been identified with Makarenko's pedagogical practices. It vividly depicts the process in which the juvenile delinquents and orphans are reborn through labor education at the commune, and this too made the film, as it were, a double-image of Makarenko's "Pedagogical Poem." Another reason this film was identified with his practices is that the English and the German translations of the "Pedagogical Poem" were published with the title "Road to Life". In Britain in particular, the publisher gave the book the same title as the commercially successful film in order to increase its sales. Moreover, German researchers of Makarenko such as Herman Nohl also associated "Road to Life" with the "Pedagogical Poem." In Japan, where the knowledge about Makarenko came not only from the Soviet Union but also by way of Germany, "Road to Life" was identified with the "Pedagogical Poem" for a combination of these reasons. Still another reason these two works were seen in the same light is that the founders of the commune after which the film "Road to Life" was modeled were purged under the Stalinist regime, and that the information about the commune became concealed from the public. G. G. Jagoda and M. A Pogrebinsky played important roles in the founding of this commune. It was conceived to commemorate Jagoda, and established and operated by Pogrebinsky as the general president under Jagoda, and by F. G. Melihov as the manager. The official name of the commune is "Bolshev Labor Commune Named in Honor of G. G. Jagoda, Attached to the National Commissariat of Internal Affairs." Bolshev Commune became known to a wide public through the two books written by Pogrebinsky, Labor Commune Attached to the United State Political Admission (1928) and People's Factory (1929). Furthermore, it was The Bolshevians (1936), a collection of documentaries edited by M. Gorky, that made the Commune even more famous. In this book, Gorky gave high praise to the activities of the Commune and Pogrebinsky as its leader. However, under the Stalinist regime, Jagoda was arrested on April 3, 1937 on suspicion of killing Gorky and others by poisoning, and executed by shooting in March 1938. Hearing the arrest of his former superior, Pogrebinsky committed suicide on April 4, 1937. After this series of incidents, the journal Red Virgin Soil (Issue 7, July 1937) published a book review of The Bolshevians signed by its editorial department. The review severely denounced Jagoda's enterprise and activities related to Bolshev Commune.

収録刊行物

  • 教育学研究

    教育学研究 69 (2), 215-226,317_2, 2002

    一般社団法人 日本教育学会

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