ジャワの華僑運動: 1900～1918年

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書誌事項

タイトル別名
  • The Chinese Movement in Java: 1900-1918
  • Part I
  • -「複合社会」の形成-(1)

抄録

By 1900 most of Southeast Asia had been divided on the major Western powers and each ruling country was establishing its own colonial system. In carrying out research the upsurge of nationalism in Southeast Asia, one cannot overlook the movements of the Chinese residing each country the area during the early decades of the twentieth century. The, fall of the Ch'ing dynasty in 1911 and the emergence of the Republic of China for the first time in its history had a tremendous impact on the Chinese in Southeast Asia. In the first of this two-series article the author tries to investigate the Chinese movement in Java from 1900 to 1906, because this period reveals the Chinese effort of self-adjustment to the rapidly changing situation of colonial Indonesia.<br>The transition of the Dutch colonial administration from the Liberal to the Ethical Policy at the turn of the century encouraged the improvement of the natives' welfare at the expense of the population of the Chinese descent. Thus, the colonial government decided to abolish totally revenue farming, particulary that of opium sales, hitherto granted to the Chinese, and to tighten their restrictions on residence and travel. In other words, the government tried to divert native frustration and hostility from itself to the Chinese.<br>This policy affected the wealthy Peranakan or local-born Chinese in general, and the officials of their community in major cities in particular. The officials whose autonomous power had been sanctioned by the colonial authority tried to reverse this trend which came to threaten them after generations of their settlement. Under the influence of Chinese intellectuals in Singapore, they finally reached the conclusion that they should undertake to gain a better understanding of their Indonesian environment while at the same time heightening their sense of “Chineseness” by discarding from their daily lives manifestations of the “inferior” native culture. In so doing they even came to despise the Javanese blood which in many cases was circulating in their own veins.<br>The year 1900 was an important one in the history of the Chinese movement in Java, for it was that year that the association Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan, commonly abbreviated as THHK, was established in Batavia. The primary purposes of the THHK-Batavia were to revive and spread Confucianism in Chinese communities throughout Java and to purge themselves of Javanese manners and customs. The leaders of the THHK, however, were not China-oriented nationalists. Lie Kim Hok, the ideological leader of the Confucianist revival, was sympathetic to Western ideas. Phoa Keng Hek, the president of THHK-Batavia, directed his efforts toward the advancement of education and the improvement of the status of the Chinese in Java. The leaders of the THHK belonged to the dominant Peranakan Chinese class rather than the poorer Sin-keh or the newcomers. Therefore, the THHK activity can be interpreted as an attempt by the Peranakan Chinese to maintain its predominance in face of the drastic changes then taking place in the Chinese community.<br>As the THHK increased in its influence, the Ch'ing dynasty became gradually aware of its significance and began giving moral support to the association. The dynasty, on the verge of decline, expected to receive financial support from the Chinese in Java in return. Thus, the interests of both sides coincided, and contacts between them became ever closer. This cooperation accelerated the integration of the Chinese movements hitherto somewhat isolated from each other, and the year 1906 saw the establishment of the Tiong Hoa Tjong Hwee or the all-Java Chinese organization, unifying the THHK-Batavia and those of other major cities of Java.<br>In the following issue the author intends to discuss the period from 1906 to 1918.

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