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  • Biofeedback

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1. Implications of Biofeedback<BR>Biofeedback is a procedure that if organisms are provided with (1) some new information it the form of perceivable stimuli, i. e., visual or auditory ones (single or pattern), which are transformed in intero-proprioceptive stimuli from internal responses such as heart rate, blood, pressure, or electrical activity of the muscles and the brain, and (2) incentives or rewards for changingor controlling the feedback, these organisms can learn to control voluntarily the physiological responses associated with feedback.<BR>In the biofeedback process, there are two important principles to be considered. (1) The laws and procedures of instrumental learning (or operant conditioning) in which rewards (or reinforcements) are given contingently upon the changes of response. (2) The technique of shaping (successive approximation) -in other words, of immediately rewarding first very small, and hence frequently occurring, changes in the correct direction and, as soon as, these have been_learned, requiring progressively larger changes as the criterion for reward.<BR>2. Biofeedback in Animals<BR>It has been found that many autonomic responses can be instrumentally (or operantly) taught either to increase or decrease under the condition of ruling out the respiratory or overt skeletal responses. It is possible to learn a specific visceral response independently of some other ones. (specificity).<BR>3. Biofeedback in Humans<BR>Autonomic responses, EEG, and EMG are also modified in humans by the technique of biofeedback. From the point of the degree of changes, one is easy and the other, difficult. Therefore, the tasks for the future will be to improve the understanding of the laws and mechanisms involved in visceral learning and to improve the techniques for training the subject to produce larger changes more quickly.<BR>The following factors should be investigated in the field of psychology and medical electronics : (1) mediation (cognitive process or respiratory and overt skeletal response), (2) timing of feedback, . (3) feedback mode (analog, digital, visual, auditory), (4) strategy for controlling response, (5) individual differences.<BR>In therapeutic application, it is important that training be done, by the help of some feedback : equipment in the earlier stage of the therapy, and as training proceeds, patients become capable, of controlling their internal response, by themselves without the aid of feedback instruments in daily life situations.

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