インドにおける熱波とその死者数・人間生活への影響

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  • Heat wave and its impact on mortality and human life in India
  • インド ニ オケル ネッパ ト ソノ シシャスウ ・ ニンゲン セイカツ エ ノ エイキョウ

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In India, a “heat wave” is defined, in a region of normal air temperature above 40°C, as conditions with daily deviation of 3–4°C. A “severe heat wave” is the same but with deviation higher than 5°C. An “intermediate heat wave” is defined, in a region of normal air temperature below 40°C, as conditions with daily deviation of 5–6°C. Also a “severe heat wave” is the same but with deviation higher than 6°C. Heat waves continue for 5–6 days normally and 15 days in extreme cases. Severe heat waves continue 3–4 days in most cases. According to statistics in India for the 22 years from 1978 to 1999, heat waves occurred annually on an average of 11.5 times, and monthly 5.0 times in May, 3.9 in June and 1.9 in April. In the other months, they were infrequent. By state, Maharashtra experienced 1.6 times per year and Bihar, Rajasthan and West Bengal 1.3 each. The other states showed small numbers. The monthly numbers of deaths caused by heat waves were at a maximum in June or almost the same as those in May. The reason for this is considered to be a lag effect of heat strokes on mortality numbers as caused by heat waves. Lag effects of heat waves on human health conditions are found mostly among aged people, people living in poor out-door conditions in urban areas, people with inadequate water supply conditions and others. The numbers of deaths due to heat waves are small in El Nino years but very large in the years following El Nino years. For example, they became about 17 times in 1983 from 1982, about 100 times in 1988 from 1987, and about 190 times in 1998 from 1997. The numbers of deaths in 1998 reached maximum of 1,658, with heat waves occurring 33 times, which were both record high values for the last period of the 20th Century. In April, May, June and July, 2012, India experienced severe heat waves and the total number of deaths reached 575. Severe electricity cuts, water supply shortages, class closures in schools, poor service or difficulty in hospitals, etc., occurred indirectly as impacts of those heat waves.<br>

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