The Aqua-Planet Experiment (APE): CONTROL SST Simulation

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  • BLACKBURN Michael
    National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
  • WILLIAMSON David L.
    National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
  • NAKAJIMA Kensuke
    Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
  • OHFUCHI Wataru
    Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
  • TAKAHASHI Yoshiyuki O.
    Center for Planetary Science, Kobe, Japan Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  • HAYASHI Yoshi-Yuki
    Center for Planetary Science, Kobe, Japan Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  • NAKAMURA Hisashi
    Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • ISHIWATARI Masaki
    Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  • McGREGOR John L.
    CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Australia
  • BORTH Hartmut
    Theoretical Meteorology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • WIRTH Volkmar
    Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
  • FRANK Helmut
    Research and Development, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany
  • BECHTOLD Peter
    European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berkshire, UK
  • WEDI Nils P.
    European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berkshire, UK
  • TOMITA Hirofumi
    Advanced Institute for Computational Science, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
  • SATOH Masaki
    Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
  • ZHAO Ming
    Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
  • HELD Isaac M.
    Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
  • SUAREZ Max J.
    Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
  • LEE Myong-In
    Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
  • WATANABE Masahiro
    Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
  • KIMOTO Masahide
    Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
  • LIU Yimin
    State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing, China
  • WANG Zaizhi
    National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
  • MOLOD Andrea
    Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
  • RAJENDRAN Kavirajan
    Center for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India
  • KITOH Akio
    Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
  • STRATTON Rachel
    Met Office, Exeter, UK

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抄録

Climate simulations by 16 atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are compared on an aqua-planet, a water-covered Earth with prescribed sea surface temperature varying only in latitude. The idealised configuration is designed to expose differences in the circulation simulated by different models. Basic features of the aqua-planet climate are characterised by comparison with Earth.<br>The models display a wide range of behaviour. The balanced component of the tropospheric mean flow, and mid-latitude eddy covariances subject to budget constraints, vary relatively little among the models. In contrast, differences in damping in the dynamical core strongly influence transient eddy amplitudes. Historical uncertainty in modelled lower stratospheric temperatures persists in APE.<br>Aspects of the circulation generated more directly by interactions between the resolved fluid dynamics and parameterized moist processes vary greatly. The tropical Hadley circulation forms either a single or double inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) at the equator, with large variations in mean precipitation. The equatorial wave spectrum shows a wide range of precipitation intensity and propagation characteristics. Kelvin mode-like eastward propagation with remarkably constant phase speed dominates in most models. Westward propagation, less dispersive than the equatorial Rossby modes, dominates in a few models or occurs within an eastward propagating envelope in others. The mean structure of the ITCZ is related to precipitation variability, consistent with previous studies.<br>The aqua-planet global energy balance is unknown but the models produce a surprisingly large range of top of atmosphere global net flux, dominated by differences in shortwave reflection by clouds. A number of newly developed models, not optimised for Earth climate, contribute to this. Possible reasons for differences in the optimised models are discussed.<br>The aqua-planet configuration is intended as one component of an experimental hierarchy used to evaluate AGCMs. This comparison does suggest that the range of model behaviour could be better understood and reduced in conjunction with Earth climate simulations. Controlled experimentation is required to explore individual model behaviour and investigate convergence of the aqua-planet climate with increasing resolution.<br>

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