Intensive Measurements of Soil Pore Water Pressure for Analyzing Heterogeneous Hydrological Processes on a Hillslope

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Abstract

We conducted intensive tensiometer measurements of soil pore water pressure to examine the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological properties at a mountainous hillslope at the Hodaka Sediment Observatory of Kyoto University, Gifu, central Japan. The detailed measurements revealed that pressure head at the soil-bedrock interface was highly variable in terms of waveform, value, and timing throughout the slope. On the basis of its variation, pressure head was classified into four general groups (types 1-4). Type 1 showed rapid peaks with near-zero pressure values coinciding with rainfall peaks and type 2 showed almost no responses to hyetographs. Compared to types 1 and 2, types 3 and 4 showed unique characteristics. That is, type 3 showed delayed peaks in comparison with hyetographs and gradual recession limbs, indicating the existence of groundwater seepage from the bedrock fracture. Moreover, it also represented the characteristic base flow discharge from whole basin area. Type 4 showed sharp pressure spikes coinciding with rainfall peaks, suggesting vertical infiltration within macropores and irregular preferential flows above the bedrock. In this study, we successfully detected various patterns of soil water behavior within the relatively narrow area that characterized the hydrological processes of the hillslope and the watershed.

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