Development and evaluation of an interferon-γ release assay in Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)

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  • PAUDEL Sarad
    Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
  • VILLANUEVA Marvin A.
    Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001–0020, Japan
  • MIKOTA Susan K.
    Elephant Care International, 166 Limo View Lane, Hohenwald, TN 38462, U.S.A.
  • NAKAJIMA Chie
    Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001–0020, Japan Hokkaido University The Global station for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
  • GAIRHE Kamal P.
    Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • SUBEDI Suraj
    National Trust for Nature Conservation, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • RAYAMAJHI Nabin
    Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan, Nepal
  • SASHIKA Mariko
    Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
  • SHIMOZURU Michito
    Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
  • MATSUBA Takashi
    Division of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
  • SUZUKI Yasuhiko
    Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001–0020, Japan Hokkaido University The Global station for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
  • TSUBOTA Toshio
    Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan

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  • Development and evaluation of an interferon-γ release assay in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

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Abstract

We developed an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) specific for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Whole blood collected from forty captive Asian elephants was stimulated with three different mitogens i.e., phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokweed mitogen (PWM) and phorbol myristate aceteate/ionomycin (PMA/I). A sandwich ELISA that was able to recognize the recombinant elephant interferon-γ (rEIFN-γ) as well as native interferon-γ from the Asian elephants was performed using anti-elephant IFN-γ rabbit polyclonal antibodies as capture antibodies and biotinylated anti-elephant IFN-γ rabbit polyclonal antibodies as detection antibodies. PMA/I was the best mitogen to use as a positive control for an Asian elephant IGRA. The development of an Asian elephant-specific IGRA that detects native IFN-γ in elephant whole blood provides promising results for its application as a potential diagnostic tool for diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) in Asian elephants.

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