Sleep Problems and Disorders in Teenagers

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  • 10 代における睡眠の問題
  • 10ダイ ニ オケル スイミン ノ モンダイ

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Abstract

Sleep-related disorders, especially in teenagers, have been receiving increasing attention. Here, we describe the current situation regarding sleep disorders and the habituation of sleep in teenagers, as well as the relationship between neurodevelopmental and sleep disorders. In teenagers, habituation of sleep, which includes eveningness, eveningness-related sleep insufficiency, and daytime sleepiness, has been reported to be associated with the increased prevalence of the two-income family, the influence of parents’ lifestyles, and excessive screen time on computers and mobile devices. The rapidly rising Internet utilization rate is related to increased screen time, which promotes delayed bedtimes, especially among primary schoolchildren. It has been reported that the more frequently Japanese low-teens go to sleep at a delayed bedtime, the more readily mental health disorders can develop. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, sleep disorders in young adults contribute to restless legs syndrome, hypersomnia, and circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders. It is difficult to diagnose restless legs syndrome in small children because their communication is limited. Hypersomnia has been shown to contribute to narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Generally, idiopathic hypersomnia involves less frequent sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) periods than narcolepsy, as estimated by polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests. Although narcolepsy includes REM-related symptoms such as catalepsy and sleep paralysis, idiopathic hypersomnia is diagnosed without REM-related symptoms. Delayed sleep–wake phase disorder, which is considered a circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder, is often found in teenagers and can easily lead to diminished social life activity because it causes extreme difficulty awakening in the morning. In terms of neurodevelopmental disorders, sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome, nocturnal enuresis, and sleep apnea syndrome are often said to complicate children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, general practitioners and hospital doctors should refer teenagers likely to be experiencing hypersomnia or neurodevelopmental disorders to specialized institutions because most of these cases require early medical intervention.

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