占領期名古屋における土地・建物の接収と占領軍家族住宅地区の建設について

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  • A HISTORICAL STUDY ON LAND AND BUILDING REQUISITIONS IN THE URBAN AREA AND CONSTRUCTION OF DEPENDENT HOUSING DISTRICTS DURING GHQ'S OCCUPATION IN NAGOYA
  • センリョウキ ナゴヤ ニ オケル トチ ・ タテモノ ノ セッシュウ ト センリョウグン カゾク ジュウタク チク ノ ケンセツ ニ ツイテ

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<p> This article has two purposes. One is to clarify requisitioning of land and buildings in the urban area of Nagoya. Another is to investigate the construction process and features of two dependent housing (DH) districts, American Village and Castle Heights, during GHQ’s occupation in Nagoya.</p><p> On 26 September 1945, the vanguard unit advanced into Nagoya from Kyoto City which was the base of the 6th Army. Shortly, Nagoya became headquarters of the Tokai and Hokuriku regions (first charged areas were Aichi, Gifu and Shizuoka prefectures). In February 1946, the army’s occupation unit changed to the 5th Air Force and were stationed in Nagoya and Komaki. Before the arrival of the 5th Air Force, there were few buildings that could be requisitioned because of huge damages brought by the war. At that time, Aichi prefecture and Nagoya City was focused on war damage reconstruction. The project was carried out with Nagoya City as the enforcer. The main projects were land readjustment, road improvements such as two 100-meter-wide roads, and parks maintenance. This project was a remarkable achievement in the urban redevelopment carried out nationwide after WWII.</p><p> GHQ ordered the construction of 20,000 dependent housing (DH) for the Japanese government on 6 March 1946. Then, the 5th Air Force planned an “American Village” close to Shirakawa town, an old commercial district in Nagoya. Furthermore, they planned “Castle Heights” near Nagoya Castle which was a former Japanese Army site, regiment headquarters, military housing and the like. During the construction, they demolished part of the former Japanese Army's facilities to create the site. As a result, Nagoya has two DH districts in the city center which was a notable feature recognized nationwide. Thereafter, local governments determined the site of the American Village in five days following the 5th Air Force request. The information on construction of the American Village was released as a prefectural notice on 1 June 1946. The measurement and planning of the American Village was carried out by the City of Nagoya as part of the war damage rehabilitation endeavor. This fact reveals that the construction projects for the occupation army and war damage rehabilitation were closely related.</p><p> The American Village was completed in June 1947. It was designed according to GHQ’s guideline for DH construction. The DH district had nine types of houses with numerous facilities such as a church, club house, school, PX, softball ground, swimming pool and so on. Consequently, the American Village could be characterized as a small town. Castle Heights, on the other hand, was not of the same magnitude of the American Village, it was only considered a residential area.</p><p> The 5th Air Force did not withdraw from Nagoya immediately after the Treaty of Peace with Japan took effect on 28 April 1952. This caused the late derequisitioning of land and buildings in Nagoya. It also affected war damage rehabilitation, especially with the two DH districts. The existence of the DH districts disturbed construction of the 100-meter-wide road (presently Wakamiya odori), Shirakawa Park, and two 50-meter-wide roads (presently Fushimi dori and Dekimachi dori). In fact, land and buildings owners and the City of Nagoya petitioned for release from the GHQ. The war damage rehabilitation was finally completed only after liberation.</p>

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