A Review on Livelihood Diversification: Dynamics, Measurements and Case Studies in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia

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  • Rubiyanto Cahyo W.
    The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
  • Hirota Isao
    Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan

Abstract

<p>The subject of livelihood dynamics in montane mainland Southeast Asia has been widely discussed by many researchers. Globalization that takes place through changes in the political system has most impacts on the diversity of livelihoods of rural communities. However, there are few studies of diversity in the field, and most focus on sectoral shifts and financial activities. We conducted an overview of the historical dynamics of rural livelihoods and its diversification, and used various indices to measure diversification. To reveal the complex diversity of rural livelihoods it is necessary to understand the general situation and patterns of livelihood diversification. This article highlights the diverse livelihood dynamics from two viewpoints of livelihood diversification; distress and progressive diversification, and case studies that can support these dynamics to illustrate the process of livelihood diversification and discuss the direction of the pattern of diversification to provide information for future research. This study suggested intensified focus on livelihood diversification to promote sustainable development in this region. </p>

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