N-type conduction in SnS by anion substitution with Cl

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Relatively nontoxic, earth-abundant Cl was incorporated into n-type SnS as a dopant. The existence of impurity phases was carefully identified in Sn(S<jats:sub>1−</jats:sub> <jats:italic> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic> <jats:sub>−</jats:sub> <jats:italic> <jats:sub>y</jats:sub> </jats:italic>Cl<jats:italic> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic>)-dense ceramics. The highest electron mobility (8.3 cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> V<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) in n-type conduction was achieved in samples with <jats:italic>x</jats:italic> ≥ 0.005. Cl concentration is critical for conduction-type conversion, whereas carrier density and electron mobility are determined by sulfur-site deficiency. Carrier transport is explained by grain boundary potential barrier scattering in undoped p-type samples and by ionized impurity scattering in Cl-doped n-type samples.</jats:p>

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