Roles of charged particles and reactive species on cell membrane permeabilization induced by atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>As factors that influence cell membrane permeabilization during direct and indirect atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation, charged particle influx, superoxide anion radicals (O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup>∙), and hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) in plasma-irradiated solution were evaluated. These are the three strong candidate factors and might multiply contribute to cell membrane permeabilization. In particular, a shorter plasma diffusion distance leads to the enhancement of the direct effects such as charged particle influx and further increase cell membrane permeability. In addition, O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup>∙ dissipates over time (a life span of the order of minutes) in plasma-irradiated water, and the deactivation of a plasma-irradiated solution in term of cell membrane permeabilization occurs in a life span of the same order. These results could promote the understanding of the mechanism of plasma-induced cell membrane permeabilization.</jats:p>

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