Flexible inverted polymer solar cells fabricated in air at low temperatures

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>A series of modified indium tin oxide (ITO) materials, including sol–gel zinc-oxide-coated ITO (ITO/ZnO), ZnO nanoparticle-coated ITO (ITO/ZnO-NP), 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAP)-modified ITO, and polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE)-modified ITO, were used for electron-collection electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The modified ITO electrodes were prepared in air at temperatures below 100 °C, using various ITO films on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates (PET–ITO) with sheet resistances ranging from 12 to 60 Ω sq<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The PET–ITO (12 Ω sq<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>)/ZnO-NP PSC exhibited an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) (2.93%), and this PCE was ∼90% of that observed for a cell using glass–ITO/ZnO-NP (sheet resistance = 10 Ω sq<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>; PCE = 3.28%). Additionally, we fabricated a flexible inverted ZnO-NP PSC using an indene-C<jats:sub>60</jats:sub> bisadduct (ICBA) as the acceptor material in place of [6,6]-phenyl-C<jats:sub>61</jats:sub>-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and obtained a PCE of 4.18%.</jats:p>

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