Flavanone 3‐hydroxylase transcripts and flavonol accumulation are temporally coordinate in maize anthers

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<jats:p>Flavanone 3‐hydroxylase (<jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic>) activity is necessary for the production of both flavonols and anthocyanins. Flavonols are required for functional pollen in maize whereas anthocyanins are non‐essential pigments. A cDNA for <jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic> was isolated from <jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic> using a heterologous sequence from <jats:italic>Antirrhinum majus</jats:italic>. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of maize F3H with other F3H sequences confirmed that the protein is highly conserved among widely divergent plant species. The <jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic> gene is present in a single copy located at the tip of chromosome 2S. High levels of <jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic> gene expression were detected in pigmented husk and 26‐day postpollination kernels; lower levels in 18‐day postpollination kernels and in coleoptiles of germinating seedlings. Slot blot analysis showed that <jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic> transcript levels in young seedlings are increased by high fluence‐rate white light treatment in the presence of the anthocyanin regulatory gene ‐<jats:italic>r</jats:italic>. HPLC analysis of extracts from developmentally staged anthers showed that flavonol accumulation begins at the uninucleate microspore stage, continues until maturity, and is not controlled by ‐<jats:italic>r</jats:italic>. When the expression pattern of several flavonoid biosynthetic genes was analyzed during microsporogenesis, only <jats:italic>F3H</jats:italic> transcript accumulation was coordinate with the appearance of flavonols in anthers.</jats:p>

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