明末徽州の佃僕制と紛爭

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タイトル別名
  • Disputes over the "Dian-pu"佃僕 System in Hui-zhou 徽州 Prefecture in the Late Ming
  • ミンマツキシュウ ノ デン ホクセイ ト フンソウ
  • 明末徽州の佃僕制と紛争

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抄録

In this article, the author discusses the aspects of disputes and lawsuits over the "dian-pu" (tenant/servant) system in Hui-zhou prefecture during the later half of the Ming period, mainly by analyzing the documents of Hui-zhou･"Dian-pu" were bound to particular landlords for generations, not only cultivating the land as tenants, but also performing various kinds of labour services, while landlords had to provide them with cultivated land, housing and graveyard. "Dian-pu"'s freedom of movement were restricted, and their social status were regarded as inferior to landlords. The main principle regulating the landlord-"dian-pu" relation was what the Chinese called "zhu-pu zhi fen" 主僕之分, meaning the distinction between master and servant. The author collected a total of 52 dispute cases concerning the "dian-pu" system, covering the years from 1487 to 1645, from various kinds of the Hui-zhou documents. Many of these disputes were caused by troubles over forested mountains and graveyard. Problems concerning the "dian-pu"'s labour obligations and their hereditary status also caused diverse conflicts. Of the 52 dispute cases, 15 cases were brought before the magistrate's court. Many of other 37 cases were settled in rural community by various mediators. In a few cases, landlords took part in the resolution of disputes which occurred among the same clan of "dian-pu". According to the Ming legal codes, commoner's families were prohibited to possess and use hereditary bond servants. But some lawsuit cases showed that local magistrates in Hui-zhou approved of the possession of bond servant not only by gentry families, but also by commoner's families. Judging from some legal cases, it is appeared that local magistrates in Hui-zhou generally made judicial judgement in accordance with the local custom of Hui-zhou, which emphasized the hereditary inferior social status of "dian-pu" based on the distinction between master and servant. By the early Ming, highly labour intensive agriculture was developed in Hui-zhou rural society. Powerful lineages who occupied much of agricultural resources, often recruited the immigrants or landless peasants to cultivate paddy land and forested mountains, and even asked them to perform various labour services. From the 16 th century, however, the development of commercial agriculture enabled a proportion of "dian-pu" to accumulate capital by planting all sorts of commercial products. Furthermore, many "dian-pu" accompanied their masters to trading area as managers or clerks, and sometimes succeeded to make some fortune. On the other hand, under the competitive and overpopulated circumstances of the Hui-zhou society in the late Ming, much more "dian-pu" who could not gain from the commercialization, were further reduced to poverty. A proportion of "dian-pu" who hoped to seize new economic opportunities and accomplish upward social mobility, often tried to break away from their hereditary status. On the other side, many impoverished "dian-pu" often attempted to escape from landlord's supervision. However, landlords generally did not approve their release from hereditary status. As a result, the stratification of "dian-pu" class further strained the landload- "dian-pu" relations, and disputes among them became more and more. This threatening situations finally brought about a large scale rebellion of militarized "dian-pu" and bond servants throughout Hui-zhou prefecture in the Ming-Qing transitional period.

収録刊行物

  • 東洋史研究

    東洋史研究 58 (3), 419-469, 1999-12-31

    東洋史研究會

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