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  • Ellen Churchill Semple and her Geographical Work in the "Gilded Age": with the Examination of her Letters to Friedrich Ratzel and Classmate-chronicles of Vassar College
  • エレン チャーチル センプル ノ イキタ ジダイ ト カノジョ ノ チリガク ケンキュウ オンシ ラッツェルアテ ショカン ト ドウソウセイ ツウシン オ テガカリ ニ

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This article consists of two parts: the first part presents the two kinds of manuscripts written by Ellen Churchill Semple, a pioneer female geographers in the late 19th to early 20th century, who are known as an American follower and introducer of Friedrich Ratzel's environmentalism and methodology of anthropogeography. She wrote letters to Ratzel at the beginning of 1893, when she had just returned to the United States after her overseas study at his department of Leipzig University. These letters are retained in Geographische Zentralbibliothek, Archiv für Geographie, Institüt für Länderkunde, Leipzig. Semple had close friendship with her classmates at Vassar College, and constantly sent them her chronicles. They are retained in Special Collections, Vassar College Library. Her classmate-chronicles written in 1902, 1924 and 1925 are analyzed in this article. The German and English texts in print and their Japanese translation and notes by the author are presented. In the second part, by examining of the materials in detail, the following subjects are analyzed: the relationship between Semple and Ratzel, Semple's life and career, and the American social characteristics in the "Gilded Age" when she lived. The article makes it clear that: (1) their relationship was not one-way but tow-way. Ratzel advised and encouraged Semple to write geographical articles. She sent Ratzel numerous reports and bulletins of 1890 Eleventh Census, magazine-articles, and wrote the American situation of Negro problems and literature of outdoorworld, and so on. Ratzel used the information in his Amerika (1893). (2) In Louisville, Kentucky, her home town, Semple lived with her mother and sisters, and had many upper-class educated friends. Her friendship with the classmates and alumni of Vassar College was so intimate and continued through her life. Patty, her older sister, and Myra Reynolds who was her senior by two years at Vassar and a professor of Chicago University, are supposed to have greatly influenced on Semple's life and academic career. (3) In the Gilded Age, industries were developed rapidly, American society changed drastically, and attempts for expansion of territory and race problems became more serious. Some scholars underpinned the conservative New Englanders by presenting scientific interpretation of racism and imperialism. They tended to compile their ideology depending fragmentarily on contemporaneous Darwinian, anthropological, historical, and geographical theories. One of the most outstanding scholar was Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, Professor of geology of Harvard University, who stressed the relationship between nature and mankind. Shaler's ideas were similar to Ratzel's. Just as they were, Semple might be a typical and popular scholar in her era.

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