Reconstruction of the concept and measuring method of self-esteem : Toward innovatively reborn research of self-esteem

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  • 「セルフ・エスティーム」の概念と測定法の再構築 : セルフ・エスティーム研究刷新への黎明
  • 「 セルフ ・ エスティーム 」 ノ ガイネン ト ソクテイホウ ノ サイコウチク : セルフ ・ エスティーム ケンキュウ サッシン エ ノ レイメイ

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Abstract

Self-esteem is one of the most prevalent psychological characteristics as a target to improve in various situations such as schools or communities. However, it seems likely that at the beginning of this century, scientific attempts for determining whether self-esteem is really beneficial for health, adjustment, and performance came to an conclusion that it would produces no such beneficial effects. Nevertheless, research and education regarding self-esteem is still now being widely conducted in many countries. Considering the current confused conditions, the present study reconsidered the concept of self-esteem, along with its measurement methods. First, the previous main concepts of self-esteem were reviewed, focusing on Rosenberg’s works. The reviews showed that many different concepts have thus far been established and utilized. Moreover, it became clear that even if the most widely accepted concept by Rosenberg is right, his scale for assessing his concept which has been most widely and frequently utilized is unable to accurately measure his own concept. Next, in order to establish a new concept of self-esteem after indicating varied faults of extant self-esteem’s concepts, the nonconscious functions that have been revealed as the most powerful factors to determine human behaviors in recent research of brain science and psychology, along with the concepts of true self-esteem by Deci and colleagues and secure high self-esteem by Kernis, were introduced. Thereafter, the authors discussed that the concept of self-esteem needs to be considered in terms of nonconsciousness, underscoring that it cannot be assessed utilizing consciously answered measures such as self-reports, which lead to the introduction of the concept of “autonomous self-esteem” contrasted with “heteronomous self-esteem.” In line with this consideration, the authors depicted a new implicit association test that is administered to groups of children to measure nonconscious autonomous self-esteem. Thus, new research and school education with respect to this new concept and measurement tool is ready to start, hopefully revising the present world of self-esteem in terms of both research and education.

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