光・室積の新興工業都市計画

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  • THE NEW INDUSTRIAL CITY PLANNING CASE STUDY ON HIKARI AND MUROZUMI
  • ヒカリ ・ シツセキ ノ シンコウ コウギョウ トシ ケイカク

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<p> This study aims to clarify the background of developing plans, examine specific planning maps, look into the implementation process, and discuss the results of a project to build a new industrial city during World War II using the Hikari-Murozumi area as a case.</p><p> The prototype of Japanese urban planning was reportedly established in World War II. It was developed in the pursuit of controlling big cities and the decentralization of industry as two central pillars, and building a new industrial city as a major policy to promote the decentralization of industry. The Hikari-Murozumi area discussed in this paper is used as a model because it adopted advanced systems of architectural regulation first introduced in World War II, such as exclusive-use zoning and open-space areas.</p><p> A project to build a new industrial city was planned in the Hikari-Murozumi area where a naval shipyard was located, and wide streets were constructed to directly connect both towns. Furthermore, a wide residential area was planned through state-aided land adjustment. The urban planning of the Hikari-Murozumi area was governed by the planning standard of the Maintenance and Repair Policy, which became the prototype for the guidelines of the Home Ministry. Above all, the area complied with the idea of fire protection division, which divides the urban district by special roads and green belts. The special roads designed for the fire protection division were constructed with government support ahead of the construction of the fire protection division. This indicates that the urban planning of the Hikari-Murozumi area was state-of-the-art and applied neighborhood theory.</p><p> At the same time, a higher greenery area ratio was decided as part of plans to construct a new industrial city compared to standard land readjustment. Through several revisions, the greenery area ratio was eventually set above the five percent standard ratio for new industrial city construction plans. In the course of the revisions, innovative methods, such as securing space by means of transferring cemeteries, was envisioned.</p><p> In addition, an exclusive district for residential use and the open area system was designated to secure a high-standard living environment. The construction of open areas characteristically used a system that introduced the idea of the floor-space ratio to create open space in each city lot.</p><p> As mentioned above, the idea of constructing a new industrial city was high-level urban planning. However, the project fell through because of the end of World War II, and the setback substantially curtailed urban planning in the postwar period. Consequently, the project in Hikari was carried out in a considerably reduced scale, and the one in Murozumi was carried out under a state-aided land adjustment project using former military land and was finally completed in 1960.</p>

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