Reversion of the Malignant Phenotype of Human Breast Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture and In Vivo by Integrin Blocking Antibodies

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  • V.M. Weaver
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • O.W. Petersen
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • F. Wang
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • C.A. Larabell
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • P. Briand
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • C. Damsky
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
  • M.J. Bissell
    *Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; ‡Structural Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; §Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark; and ‖Departments of Stomatology and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143

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<jats:p>In a recently developed human breast cancer model, treatment of tumor cells in a 3-dimensional culture with inhibitory β1-integrin antibody or its Fab fragments led to a striking morphological and functional reversion to a normal phenotype. A stimulatory β1-integrin antibody proved to be ineffective. The newly formed reverted acini re-assembled a basement membrane and re-established E-cadherin–catenin complexes, and re-organized their cytoskeletons. At the same time they downregulated cyclin D1, upregulated p21cip,waf-1, and stopped growing. Tumor cells treated with the same antibody and injected into nude mice had significantly reduced number and size of tumors in nude mice. The tissue distribution of other integrins was also normalized, suggesting the existence of intimate interactions between the different integrin pathways as well as adherens junctions. On the other hand, nonmalignant cells when treated with either α6 or β4 function altering antibodies continued to grow, and had disorganized colony morphologies resembling the untreated tumor colonies. This shows a significant role of the α6/β4 heterodimer in directing polarity and tissue structure. The observed phenotypes were reversible when the cells were disassociated and the antibodies removed. Our results illustrate that the extracellular matrix and its receptors dictate the phenotype of mammary epithelial cells, and thus in this model system the tissue phenotype is dominant over the cellular genotype.</jats:p>

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