Quorum sensing by peptide pheromones and two‐component signal‐transduction systems in Gram‐positive bacteria

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<jats:p>Cell‐density‐dependent gene expression appears to be widely spread in bacteria. This quorum‐sensing phenomenon has been well established in Gram‐negative bacteria, where <jats:italic>N</jats:italic>‐acyl homoserine lactones are the diffusible communication molecules that modulate cell‐density‐dependent phenotypes. Similarly, a variety of processes are known to be regulated in a cell‐density‐ or growth‐phase‐dependent manner in Gram‐positive bacteria. Examples of such quorum‐sensing modes in Gram‐positive bacteria are the development of genetic competence in <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</jats:italic>, the virulence response in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic>, and the production of antimicrobial peptides by several species of Gram‐positive bacteria including lactic acid bacteria. Cell‐density‐dependent regulatory modes in these systems appear to follow a common theme, in which the signal molecule is a post‐translationally processed peptide that is secreted by a dedicated ATP‐binding‐cassette exporter. This secreted peptide pheromone functions as the input signal for a specific sensor component of a two‐component signal‐transduction system. Moreover, genetic linkage of the common elements involved results in autoregulation of peptide‐pheromone production.</jats:p>

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