Neurobiology of cerebrospinal fluid

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Neurobiology of cerebrospinal fluid

edited by James H. Wood

Plenum Press, c1980-<c1983 >

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Includes bibliographies and index

内容説明・目次

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1 ISBN 9780306403699

内容説明

Physiologic compartmentalization effectively isolates the central nervous system from the rest of the body. This isolation not only provides protection of its delicate function from aberrant peripheral influences but also impedes its diagnostic evaluation. Cerebro- spinal fluid (CSF) bathes the brain and spinal cord, is in dynamic equilibrium with its extracellular fluid, and tends to reflect the state of health and activity of the central nervous system. CSF examination is the most direct and popular method of assessing the central chemical and cellular environment in the living patient or mammal. The purpose of this multidisciplined reference text is to provide the sophisticated knowledge of CSF physiology and pathology necessary for the meaningful interpretation of data obtained by various types of CSF analysis. The methodology for reliable CSF collection, storage, preparation, and analysis is discussed with respect to individual, somatotropic, chronologic, endorcinologic, pharmacologic, and possible artifactual var- iations in CSF composition. These essential aspects, which ensure the validity of CSF data, are presented to aid the investigator in clinical and experimental protocol formu- lation and in elimination of possible sources of error.

目次

1: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryology and Anatomy.- 3. CSF Production.- 4. CSF Composition and Gradients.- 5. CSF Absorption.- 6. CSF Circulation.- 7. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Role of Cyclic AMP in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production.- 1. Introduction: The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System and Cell Secretion.- 2. In Vivo Model.- 3. In Vitro Model.- 4. Effects of Cholera Toxin on CSF Production and Choroid Plexus Cyclic AMP.- 5. Prostaglandins and CSF Production.- 6. Adenylate Cyclase Agonists and CSF Production.- 7. Carbonic Anhydrase, Cyclic AMP, and Cellular Compartmentalization.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3: Chemical Alterations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Acting on Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 1. CSF and ECF in Central Nervous System.- 2. Physiological and Experimental Mediators of Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 3. Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 4. Alteration of CSF as a Tool in Analysis of Site and Properties of Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 5. Effects on Circulatory Control System of Altering Acid-Base Balance of CSF or Application of Drugs via CSF.- 6. Confirmation of Reaction Theory of Central Chemosensitivity by Alteration of CSF Acid-Base Parameters.- 7. Ventilation in Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Acidosis.- 8. Effects of Chemoreceptor Stimulants Applied via CSF.- 9. Effects on Respiration of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 10. Effects on Circulation of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 11. Influences of Morphine, Apomorphine, Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Other Substances in CSF.- References.- 4: Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mechanisms of Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- 3. Movement of Solutes across Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- References.- 5: Sites of Origin and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration Gradients: Neurotransmitters, Their Precursors and Metabolites, and Cyclic Nucleotides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 3. Norepinephrine.- 4. Dopamine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Daily Fluctuations in Cathecholamines, Monoamine Metabolites, Cyclic AMP, and ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites.- 4. Dopamine and Its Major Metabolite.- 5. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 6. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7: Technical Aspects of Clinical and Experimental Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocols.- 3. Animal Investigations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites and Probenecid Test.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Amine Metabolism Reflected in Cerebral Ventricular CSF.- 3. Clearance of Amine Metabolites from Central Nervous System.- 4. Measurement of Amine Metabolites in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Development of Probenecid Test.- 6. Significance of CSF Probenecid Levels in Probenecid Test.- 7. Sources of Variance in Probenecid Test.- 8. Intravenous Administration of Probenecid.- 9. Kinetics of CSF Probenecid and Amine Metabolites.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Human Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Relationship of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism to Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Animals.- 4. Assay of Cyclic Nucleotides in Human CSF.- 5. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations.- 6. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 7. Blood-CSF Barrier to Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides from CSF.- 9. Investigations of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 10. Application of Probenecid Techniques to Study of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 10: Norepinephrine in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Basic Studies, Effects of Drugs and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Gradient for Norepinephrine.- 3. Circadian Rhythm of Norepinephrine in CSF.- 4. Relationship between Blood and CSF Norepinephrine.- 5. Effects of Drugs on Norepinephrine in CSF.- 6. CSF Norepinephrine in Disease.- References.- 11: Huntington's Disease: Biogenic Amines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemistry.- 3. Neuropharmacology.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 12: Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenergic and Behavioral Alterations Associated with Stimulation and Atrophy of Caudate Nucleus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Caudate Nucleus Stimulation.- 3. Central Noradrenergic Depression in Huntington's Disease.- References.- 13: Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of GABA in CSF.- 3. Basic Considerations.- 4. CSF GABA Levels in Normal Individuals.- 5. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Huntington's Disease and Those "at Risk for" Huntington's Disease.- 6. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Epilepsy.- 7. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Other Neurological Disorders.- 8. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders.- 9. Studies of GABA Levels in Blood, Amniotic Fluid, and Peripheral Tissues.- 10. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid: Correlation with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Constituents and Alterations in Neurological Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF GABA Correlations.- 3. Significance of CSF GABA Correlations.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson's Disease: Norepinephrine and ?-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations.- 1. CSF and Plasma, Concentrations of Norepinephrine in Parkinson's Disease.- 2. Lergotrile Mesylate Therapy: Effect on CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Parkinson'1: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryology and Anatomy.- 3. CSF Production.- 4. CSF Composition and Gradients.- 5. CSF Absorption.- 6. CSF Circulation.- 7. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Role of Cyclic AMP in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production.- 1. Introduction: The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System and Cell Secretion.- 2. In Vivo Model.- 3. In Vitro Model.- 4. Effects of Cholera Toxin on CSF Production and Choroid Plexus Cyclic AMP.- 5. Prostaglandins and CSF Production.- 6. Adenylate Cyclase Agonists and CSF Production.- 7. Carbonic Anhydrase, Cyclic AMP, and Cellular Compartmentalization.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3: Chemical Alterations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Acting on Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 1. CSF and ECF in Central Nervous System.- 2. Physiological and Experimental Mediators of Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 3. Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 4. Alteration of CSF as a Tool in Analysis of Site and Properties of Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 5. Effects on Circulatory Control System of Altering Acid-Base Balance of CSF or Application of Drugs via CSF.- 6. Confirmation of Reaction Theory of Central Chemosensitivity by Alteration of CSF Acid-Base Parameters.- 7. Ventilation in Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Acidosis.- 8. Effects of Chemoreceptor Stimulants Applied via CSF.- 9. Effects on Respiration of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 10. Effects on Circulation of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 11. Influences of Morphine, Apomorphine, Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Other Substances in CSF.- References.- 4: Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mechanisms of Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- 3. Movement of Solutes across Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- References.- 5: Sites of Origin and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration Gradients: Neurotransmitters, Their Precursors and Metabolites, and Cyclic Nucleotides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 3. Norepinephrine.- 4. Dopamine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Daily Fluctuations in Cathecholamines, Monoamine Metabolites, Cyclic AMP, and ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites.- 4. Dopamine and Its Major Metabolite.- 5. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 6. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7: Technical Aspects of Clinical and Experimental Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocols.- 3. Animal Investigations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites and Probenecid Test.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Amine Metabolism Reflected in Cerebral Ventricular CSF.- 3. Clearance of Amine Metabolites from Central Nervous System.- 4. Measurement of Amine Metabolites in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Development of Probenecid Test.- 6. Significance of CSF Probenecid Levels in Probenecid Test.- 7. Sources of Variance in Probenecid Test.- 8. Intravenous Administration of Probenecid.- 9. Kinetics of CSF Probenecid and Amine Metabolites.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Human Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Relationship of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism to Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Animals.- 4. Assay of Cyclic Nucleotides in Human CSF.- 5. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations.- 6. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 7. Blood-CSF Barrier to Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides from CSF.- 9. Investigations of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 10. Application of Probenecid Techniques to Study of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 10: Norepinephrine in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Basic Studies, Effects of Drugs and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Gradient for Norepinephrine.- 3. Circadian Rhythm of Norepinephrine in CSF.- 4. Relationship between Blood and CSF Norepinephrine.- 5. Effects of Drugs on Norepinephrine in CSF.- 6. CSF Norepinephrine in Disease.- References.- 11: Huntington's Disease: Biogenic Amines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemistry.- 3. Neuropharmacology.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 12: Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenergic and Behavioral Alterations Associated with Stimulation and Atrophy of Caudate Nucleus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Caudate Nucleus Stimulation.- 3. Central Noradrenergic Depression in Huntington's Disease.- References.- 13: Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of GABA in CSF.- 3. Basic Considerations.- 4. CSF GABA Levels in Normal Individuals.- 5. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Huntington's Disease and Those "at Risk for" Huntington's Disease.- 6. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Epilepsy.- 7. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Other Neurological Disorders.- 8. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders.- 9. Studies of GABA Levels in Blood, Amniotic Fluid, and Peripheral Tissues.- 10. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid: Correlation with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Constituents and Alterations in Neurological Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF GABA Correlations.- 3. Significance of CSF GABA Correlations.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson's Disease: Norepinephrine and ?-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations.- 1. CSF and Plasma, Concentrations of Norepinephrine in Parkinson's Disease.- 2. Lergotrile Mesylate Therapy: Effect on CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- 3. Levodopa Therapy: Effect on CSF GABA Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 16: Neurochemical Alterations in Parkinson's Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parkinson'1: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryology and Anatomy.- 3. CSF Production.- 4. CSF Composition and Gradients.- 5. CSF Absorption.- 6. CSF Circulation.- 7. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Role of Cyclic AMP in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production.- 1. Introduction: The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System and Cell Secretion.- 2. In Vivo Model.- 3. In Vitro Model.- 4. Effects of Cholera Toxin on CSF Production and Choroid Plexus Cyclic AMP.- 5. Prostaglandins and CSF Production.- 6. Adenylate Cyclase Agonists and CSF Production.- 7. Carbonic Anhydrase, Cyclic AMP, and Cellular Compartmentalization.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3: Chemical Alterations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Acting on Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 1. CSF and ECF in Central Nervous System.- 2. Physiological and Experimental Mediators of Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 3. Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 4. Alteration of CSF as a Tool in Analysis of Site and Properties of Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 5. Effects on Circulatory Control System of Altering Acid-Base Balance of CSF or Application of Drugs via CSF.- 6. Confirmation of Reaction Theory of Central Chemosensitivity by Alteration of CSF Acid-Base Parameters.- 7. Ventilation in Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Acidosis.- 8. Effects of Chemoreceptor Stimulants Applied via CSF.- 9. Effects on Respiration of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 10. Effects on Circulation of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 11. Influences of Morphine, Apomorphine, Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Other Substances in CSF.- References.- 4: Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mechanisms of Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- 3. Movement of Solutes across Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- References.- 5: Sites of Origin and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration Gradients: Neurotransmitters, Their Precursors and Metabolites, and Cyclic Nucleotides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 3. Norepinephrine.- 4. Dopamine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Daily Fluctuations in Cathecholamines, Monoamine Metabolites, Cyclic AMP, and ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites.- 4. Dopamine and Its Major Metabolite.- 5. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 6. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7: Technical Aspects of Clinical and Experimental Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocols.- 3. Animal Investigations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites and Probenecid Test.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Amine Metabolism Reflected in Cerebral Ventricular CSF.- 3. Clearance of Amine Metabolites from Central Nervous System.- 4. Measurement of Amine Metabolites in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Development of Probenecid Test.- 6. Significance of CSF Probenecid Levels in Probenecid Test.- 7. Sources of Variance in Probenecid Test.- 8. Intravenous Administration of Probenecid.- 9. Kinetics of CSF Probenecid and Amine Metabolites.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Human Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Relationship of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism to Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Animals.- 4. Assay of Cyclic Nucleotides in Human CSF.- 5. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations.- 6. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 7. Blood-CSF Barrier to Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides from CSF.- 9. Investigations of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 10. Application of Probenecid Techniques to Study of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 10: Norepinephrine in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Basic Studies, Effects of Drugs and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Gradient for Norepinephrine.- 3. Circadian Rhythm of Norepinephrine in CSF.- 4. Relationship between Blood and CSF Norepinephrine.- 5. Effects of Drugs on Norepinephrine in CSF.- 6. CSF Norepinephrine in Disease.- References.- 11: Huntington's Disease: Biogenic Amines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemistry.- 3. Neuropharmacology.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 12: Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenergic and Behavioral Alterations Associated with Stimulation and Atrophy of Caudate Nucleus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Caudate Nucleus Stimulation.- 3. Central Noradrenergic Depression in Huntington's Disease.- References.- 13: Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of GABA in CSF.- 3. Basic Considerations.- 4. CSF GABA Levels in Normal Individuals.- 5. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Huntington's Disease and Those "at Risk for" Huntington's Disease.- 6. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Epilepsy.- 7. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Other Neurological Disorders.- 8. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders.- 9. Studies of GABA Levels in Blood, Amniotic Fluid, and Peripheral Tissues.- 10. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid: Correlation with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Constituents and Alterations in Neurological Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF GABA Correlations.- 3. Significance of CSF GABA Correlations.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson's Disease: Norepinephrine and ?-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations.- 1. CSF and Plasma, Concentrations of Norepinephrine in Parkinson's Disease.- 2. Lergotrile Mesylate Therapy: Effect on CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- 3. Levodopa Therapy: Effect on CSF GABA Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 16: Neurochemical Alterations in Parkinson's Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parkinson'1: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryology and Anatomy.- 3. CSF Production.- 4. CSF Composition and Gradients.- 5. CSF Absorption.- 6. CSF Circulation.- 7. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Role of Cyclic AMP in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production.- 1. Introduction: The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System and Cell Secretion.- 2. In Vivo Model.- 3. In Vitro Model.- 4. Effects of Cholera Toxin on CSF Production and Choroid Plexus Cyclic AMP.- 5. Prostaglandins and CSF Production.- 6. Adenylate Cyclase Agonists and CSF Production.- 7. Carbonic Anhydrase, Cyclic AMP, and Cellular Compartmentalization.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3: Chemical Alterations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Acting on Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 1. CSF and ECF in Central Nervous System.- 2. Physiological and Experimental Mediators of Respiratory and Circulatory Control Systems.- 3. Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 4. Alteration of CSF as a Tool in Analysis of Site and Properties of Central Chemosensitivity of Respiration.- 5. Effects on Circulatory Control System of Altering Acid-Base Balance of CSF or Application of Drugs via CSF.- 6. Confirmation of Reaction Theory of Central Chemosensitivity by Alteration of CSF Acid-Base Parameters.- 7. Ventilation in Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Acidosis.- 8. Effects of Chemoreceptor Stimulants Applied via CSF.- 9. Effects on Respiration of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 10. Effects on Circulation of Transmitter Substances and Neurotropic Drugs Applied via CSF.- 11. Influences of Morphine, Apomorphine, Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Other Substances in CSF.- References.- 4: Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Mechanisms of Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- 3. Movement of Solutes across Blood-Brain-CSF Barriers.- References.- 5: Sites of Origin and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration Gradients: Neurotransmitters, Their Precursors and Metabolites, and Cyclic Nucleotides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 3. Norepinephrine.- 4. Dopamine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Daily Fluctuations in Cathecholamines, Monoamine Metabolites, Cyclic AMP, and ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Norepinephrine and Its Metabolites.- 4. Dopamine and Its Major Metabolite.- 5. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 6. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 7: Technical Aspects of Clinical and Experimental Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocols.- 3. Animal Investigations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites and Probenecid Test.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Amine Metabolism Reflected in Cerebral Ventricular CSF.- 3. Clearance of Amine Metabolites from Central Nervous System.- 4. Measurement of Amine Metabolites in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Development of Probenecid Test.- 6. Significance of CSF Probenecid Levels in Probenecid Test.- 7. Sources of Variance in Probenecid Test.- 8. Intravenous Administration of Probenecid.- 9. Kinetics of CSF Probenecid and Amine Metabolites.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Human Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Relationship of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism to Extracellular Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Animals.- 4. Assay of Cyclic Nucleotides in Human CSF.- 5. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations.- 6. CSF Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 7. Blood-CSF Barrier to Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides from CSF.- 9. Investigations of CNS Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.- 10. Application of Probenecid Techniques to Study of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Neurological and Psychiatric Disease.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- 10: Norepinephrine in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Basic Studies, Effects of Drugs and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Gradient for Norepinephrine.- 3. Circadian Rhythm of Norepinephrine in CSF.- 4. Relationship between Blood and CSF Norepinephrine.- 5. Effects of Drugs on Norepinephrine in CSF.- 6. CSF Norepinephrine in Disease.- References.- 11: Huntington's Disease: Biogenic Amines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemistry.- 3. Neuropharmacology.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 12: Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenergic and Behavioral Alterations Associated with Stimulation and Atrophy of Caudate Nucleus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurobiology of Caudate Nucleus Stimulation.- 3. Central Noradrenergic Depression in Huntington's Disease.- References.- 13: Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement of GABA in CSF.- 3. Basic Considerations.- 4. CSF GABA Levels in Normal Individuals.- 5. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Huntington's Disease and Those "at Risk for" Huntington's Disease.- 6. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Epilepsy.- 7. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Other Neurological Disorders.- 8. CSF GABA Levels in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders.- 9. Studies of GABA Levels in Blood, Amniotic Fluid, and Peripheral Tissues.- 10. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid ?-Aminobutyric Acid: Correlation with Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Constituents and Alterations in Neurological Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF GABA Correlations.- 3. Significance of CSF GABA Correlations.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson's Disease: Norepinephrine and ?-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations.- 1. CSF and Plasma, Concentrations of Norepinephrine in Parkinson's Disease.- 2. Lergotrile Mesylate Therapy: Effect on CSF Norepinephrine Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- 3. Levodopa Therapy: Effect on CSF GABA Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 16: Neurochemical Alterations in Parkinson's Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parkinson's Disease.- 3. Dopamine.- 4. Norepinephrine.- 5. Serotonin.- 6. Amino Acids.- 7. Acetylcholine.- 8. Miscellaneous Substances.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 17: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Neurological Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoamines and Epilepsy.- 3. Juvenile Parkinsonism.- 4. CSF Monoamine Metabolites in Coma.- 5. Monoamines in Hydrocephalus.- 6. Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy.- 7. Monoamines and Minimal Brain Dysfunction.- 8. Miscellaneous Disorders.- 9. Summary.- References.- 18: Seizure-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Systemic Metabolic Changes in Seizures in Man.- 3. Cerebral Metabolic Changes in Seizures in Man.- 4. CSF Changes in Seizures in Man.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 19: Neurotransmitter, Metabolite, and Cyclic Nucleotide Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Seizure Patients.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Alterations Associated with Anticonvulsant Medications in Seizure Patients.- 3. CSF Alterations Associated with Electrical Stimulation of Brain in Seizure Patients.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 20: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Clinical Presentation.- 4. Analysis of CSF.- 5. Clearance of Erythrocytes from Subarachnoid Space.- 6. Hydrocephalus.- 7. Computed Tomographic Scanning in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 8. Summary.- References.- 21: Effects of Subarachnoid Blood and Spasmodic Agents on Cerebral Vasculature.- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vivo Model of Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- 3. In Vitro Model of Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- 4. Role of Calcium in Cerebral Arterial Spasm.- References.- 22: Response of Extraparenchymal Cerebral Arteries to Biochemical Environment of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy Metabolism and Ions in CSF.- 3. Hydrogen Ion Alterations and Cerebral Arterial Activity.- 4. Summary.- References.- 23: Subarachnoid Erythrocytes and their Contribution to Cerebral Vasospasm.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Natural History of CSF Erythrocytes after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Role of Erythrocytes in Cerebral Vasospasm.- 4. Direct Irritation of Brain by Erythrocytes.- 5. Recent Trends in Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Summary.- References.- 24: Neurochemical Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies in Stroke.- 3. Studies in Migraine.- 4. Therapeutic Implications of CSF Studies.- 5. Summary.- References.- 25: Cerebrospinal Fluid Cyclic Nucleotide Alterations in Traumatic Coma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Material and Methods.- 3. Summary of Cases.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 26: Acetylcholine Metabolism in Intracranial and Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid and in Blood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results in Patients with Minimal Pathology, Tumor, Aneurysm, or Head Injury.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 27: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Dynamics and Brain Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Homeostasis of Intracranial Pressure.- 3. Pressure-Volume Relationships.- 4. Cerebral Herniation.- 5. Cerebral Blood Flow.- 6. Effects of Pressure on Metabolism.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 28: Non-Steady-State Measurements of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics: Laboratory and Clinical Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Open Perfusion Technique.- 3. Closed Recirculatory Perfusion Technique.- 4. Manometric Determinations of CSF Dynamics.- 5. Clinical Studies.- 6. Disease Entities.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 29: Experimental Studies Relating to Diagnostic Imaging in Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Model for Chronic Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 3. CSF Pressure Measurements.- 4. Response of CSF Pressure to Alterations in Arterial CO2 Tension.- 5. Pathological Studies.- 6. Molecular-Transfer Analysis.- 7. CSF Exit-Pathway Size.- 8. Autoradiography.- 9. CSF Production.- 10. Discussion.- References.- 30: Dynamics of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System as Defined by Cranial Computed Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques and Rationale.- 3. Normal CSF System.- 4. Abnormal CSF System.- 5. Therapy for Hydrocephalus.- 6. Discussion.- References.- 31: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations Associated with Central Nervous System Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Cellular Reactions.- 3. CSF Glucose Alterations.- 4. Nonimmunoglobulin-Protein Alterations.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 32: Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents into Cerebrospinal Fluid: Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Aspects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Aspects.- 3. Concentration of Antibiotics in CSF.- 4. Clinical Aspects.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 33: Pathophysiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Quantitative Abnormalities of IgG in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 3. Oligoclonal IgG in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 4. CSF IgG Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis in Relation to Clinical Parameters.- 5. Corticosteroids Inhibit CNS IgG Synthesis.- 6. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities in Optic Neuritis.- 7. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities in Chronic Myelopathy.- 8. Quantitative and Qualitative Abnormalities of Light Chains in CSF.- 9. CSF Immunoglobulins in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.- 10. Source of Abnormal CSF IgG.- 11. Viral Antibodies in CSF of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.- 12. Significance of Abnormal CSF IgG in Multiple Sclerosis.- 13. CSF IgM and IgA.- 14. Conclusion.- References.- 34: Myelin Basic Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Index of Active Demyelination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results of Clinical Investigations.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- 35: Electron-Microscopic Studies on Cerebrospinal Fluid Sediment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results with CNS Demyelination and Cancer.- 4. Miscellaneous Clinical Findings.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 36: Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: Effects of Various Disease States and Immunosuppressive Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Cytology.- 3. Immunocompetent Cells in CSF.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 37: Intrathecal Lymphocyte Infusions: Clinical and Animal Toxicity Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Feasibility Studies: Animals.- 3. Phase I Studies: Man.- References.- 38: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Central Nervous System Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Types of CNS Cancer.- 3. Biological Tumor Markers.- 4. CSF Tumor Markers in CNS Cancer.- 5. CSF Cytology.- 6. Summary and Future Directions.- References.- 39: Pharmacology of Antineoplastic Agents in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Important Considerations in Pharmacological Approach to Central Nervous System Malignancy.- 3. Intrathecal Chemotherapy.- 4. Systemic Chemotherapy.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 40: Cerebrospinal Fluid Melatonin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Melatonin in CSF.- 3. Entry of Melatonin into CSF.- 4. Disappearance and Fate of CSF Melatonin.- 5. Relationship between Blood and CSF Melatonin.- 6. Daily Rhythm in CSF Melatonin.- 7. Regulation of the Melatonin Rhythm.- 8. Final Comments.- References.- 41: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pituitary Hormone Concentrations in Patients with Pituitary Tumors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors That Regulate Presence of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in CSF.- 3. Functional Role of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in CSF.- 4. Specific Hormones and CSF.- 5. Extrapituitary Sources of Pituitary Hormones.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 42: Cerebrospinal Fluid Steroid Hormones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of Steroid Hormones from Plasma to CSF.- 3. Plasma Protein Binding of Steroid Hormones.- 4. Radioimmunoassay of CSF Steroid Hormones.- 5. Discussion and Literature Review.- 6. Movement of Steroid Hormones from Plasma to Brain in Rhesus Monkey.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 43: Cerebrospinal Fluid Vasopressin and Vasotocin in Health and Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry.- 3. Concentration.- 4. Origin.- 5. Regulation.- 6. function.- 7. Summary.- References.- 44: Significance and Function of Neuropeptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Neural Peptides in CNS.- 3. Significance and Function of Peptides Located Outside Hypothalamus.- 4. Mechanisms by Which Neural Peptides Might Reach CSF.- 5. Physiological Effects of Peptides Placed into CSF.- 6. Endogenous Neural Peptides in CSF.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 45: Endorphins in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Actions of Endorphins via CSF.- 3. Endorphins in CSF.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 46: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnostic Issues: Autism and Related Disorders.- 3. Probenecid Method in Childhood.- 4. Childhood Psychosis.- 5. Chronic Multiple Tics.- 6. Developmental Processes.- 7. Sex Effects.- 8. Associated Neurobiological Variables.- References.- 47: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies of Neurotransmitter Function in Manic and Depressive Illness.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical-Methodological Issues.- 3. CSF Amine and Metabolite Alterations in Affective Illness.- 4. Biological Correlates of Clinical and Pharmacological Response.- 5. Cyclic Nucleotides in CSF of Affectively III Patients.- 6. Neuroendocrine and Peptide Approaches to Depression and Mania.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 48: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Schizophrenia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpretation of CSF Studies in Schizophrenia.- 3. Biogenic Amines.- 4. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- 5. Peptides.- 6. Miscellaneous.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 49: Cerebrospinal Fluid Calcium: Clinical Correlates in Psychiatric and Seizure Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Calcium in Affective Illness.- 3. CSF Calcium in Schizophrenia.- 4. CSF Calcium in Seizure Disorders.- 5. CSF Calcium and Behavioral Activation.- References.
巻冊次

2 ISBN 9780306409691

内容説明

Since the publication of Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 1 in 1980, that text has become the definitive reference concerning cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for both basic scientists and clinicians involved in the investigation of degenerative, convulsive, cerebrovascular, traumatic, immunological, demyelinating, inflammatory, neoplastic, neuroendocrine, and psychiatric disorders. That initial volume began a tradition of detailed topic reviews written by international authorities with first-hand expertise in their respective fields of CSF research. Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2 represents a hefty collection of extensively refer- enced and illustrated chapters covering topics not discussed in Vol. 1. More specifically, these chapters contain ample charts of original data, summary charts, and anatomical diagrams. Detailed illustrations of experimental and clinical techniques have been in- cluded to facilitate their practical application. Each chapter in this multidisciplinary text has been critically reviewed by two experts in the respective field, and the appropriate revisions have been made. Recently published references and text modifications have been added at the proof stage in an effort to provide the most up-to-date review chapters possible.

目次

1: Cerebrospinal Fluid as Reflection of Internal Milieu of Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy of CSF System.- 3. Composition of CSF.- 4. Sites of CSF Formation.- 5. Formation of CSF.- 6. Circulation of CSF.- 7. Absorption of CSF.- 8. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Regulation of Acid-Base Equilibrium of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Acid-Base Equilibrium of CSF.- 3. Factors That Control CSF Pco2.- 4. Factors That Affect CSF Bicarbonate Concentration.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3: Physiology and Pharmacology of Peptide, Steroid, and Other Hormones in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction to Central Hormonal Integration.- 2. Neuroendocrine Function of CSF.- 3. Endogenous and Exogenous Hormones and Neuropeptides in CSF.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 4: Substance P in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Characteristics of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Human Lumbar CSF.- 4. Origin of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Lumbar CSF Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Neurological Disorders.- 6. Drug Effects on CSF Concentration of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 5: Choroid-Plexus Transport of Enkephalins and Other Neuropeptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Methionine-Enkephalin Uptake.- 4. D-Alanine-5-L-Methionine Enkephalinamide Uptake.- 5. Prolactin and Luteinizing-Hormone-Releasing-Hormone Uptake.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Fraction I Endorphin in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Clinical Studies.- 1. Biochemical Characteristics of Assay System.- 2. Possible Relevance in Chronic Pain States and Depressive Disorders.- 3. Possible Relevance in Schizophrenia.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 7: Analgesia Induced by Brain Stimulation in Man: Its Effect on Release of ?-Endorphin and Adrenocorticotropin into Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Analgesia by Stimulation of Periaqueductal Gray.- 2. Analgesia by Intraventricular Administration of ?-Endorphin.- 3. Periaqueductal-Gray-Stimulation-Induced Elevation of ?-Endorphin and ACTH in Ventricular CSF.- 4. L-Tryptophan Therapy.- 5. Mechanisms of ?-Endorphin Release.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid as Neuroregulatory Pathway: Peptides in Neuropsychiatric Illness.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy and Physiology of CSF Pathway: An Active Behavioral Regulatory Link?.- 3. Peptide Synthesis and Catabolism: Markers in CSF.- 4. Peptides in CSF in Relation to Neuropsychiatric Illness.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Neurochemistry of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal Individuals: Relationship between Biological and Psychological Variables.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Normal Values.- 4. Sources of Variance.- 5. Correlations among Biological Measures.- 6. Investigation in Normal Individuals of Hypothesized Neurotransmitter-Behavioral Correlations.- 7. Comments.- References.- 10: Neurochemical Analysis of Rat Cisternal Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemical Methods.- 3. Neuropharmacological Studies.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 11: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Korsakoff's Disease: Relationship to Memory Impairment and Drug Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Monoamine Metabolites in Korsakoff's Disease.- 3. Drug Response in Korsakoff's Disease.- 4. Summary.- References.- 12: Endogenous Hallucinogens in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Measurement and Meaning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Comments on Dimethyltryptamine and O-Methylbufotenin Analysis by Selected Ion Monitoring.- 3. Methods.- 4. Clinical Studies and Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- 13: Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Putative Indicator of Central Noradrenergic Activity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Pharmacological Studies.- 3. Clinical Studies.- 4. Suggestions for Future Research.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid Acetylcholinesterase in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Psychiatric Syndromes.- 3. Neurological Syndromes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzymes in Neurological Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Enzymes in Health and Disease.- 3. Enzymes in CSF during Development.- 4. Clinical Value of Determination of Enzyme Activities in CSF.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 16: Passage of Proteins from Blood to Cerebrospinal Fluid: Model for Transfer by Pores and Vesicles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Dynamics.- 3. CSF Protein.- 4. Blood-Brain Barrier Morphology and Protein Penetration.- 5. Mechanisms for Protein Entry into CSF.- 6. Summary.- References.- 17: Nonimmunological Glycoproteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glycoproteins, Glycosaminoglycans, and Gangliosides in CSF.- 3. Glycosidases and Glycosyltransferases in CSF.- 4. Origin of Glycoproteins in CSF..- 5. CSF Glycoproteins in Relation to Neural Function.- 6. Determination of Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in CSF.- 7. Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in Neurological Diseases.- 8. Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in Schizophrenia and Depression.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 18: Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Research Strategies for Analysis of Immunocompetent Cells in CSF: Joint Space in Rheumatoid Arthritis as Model of Immunological Responses in Closed Compartment.- 3. Immunocompetent Cells in Central Nervous System and CSF: Correlation between Parenchymal and CSF Cellular Infiltrates in Experimental Models.- 4. Immunocompetent Cells in Central Nervous System and CSF: Correlation between Parenchymal and CSF Cellular Infiltrates in Humans.- 5. Immunocompetent Cells in Human CSF.- 6. Soluble Products of Immunocompetent Cells in Human CSF.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 19: Central Nervous System Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Neurological Disease: Quantitation, Specificity, and Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence, Detection, and Quantitation of Immunoglobulin Synthesis within Central Nervous System.- 3. Cytological Substrate for intra-BBB Immunoglobulin Synthesis- Plasma Cells.- 4. In Vitro Synthesis of Immunoglobulin by CSF Cells.- 5. Lymphatic Channels in Central Nervous System.- 6. Cellular Immune Regulation and Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Demyelinating Diseases.- 7. Modulation of Immunoglobulin Synthesis.- 8. Hypothesis.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 20: Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins in Infectious Neurological Diseases and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Infectious Neurological Diseases and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.- 3. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities of Restricted Heterogeneity in Other Neurological Diseases.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 21: Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningitis: Relationship to Opsonic Activity in Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningitis.- 3. Opsonization and Phagocytosis.- 4. Normal CSF.- 5. Opsonic Activity of CSF.- 6. Summary.- References.- 22: Depressed Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Malignant Glioma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- 23: Malignant Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Their Clinical Significance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques in CSF Cytology.- 3. Normal and Abnormal Cells in CSF.- 4. Meningeal Metastasis: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment.- 5. Review of Literature.- 6. False-Positive CSF Cytology.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Suggested Reading.- 24: Computed Tomography of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocol.- 3. Pathology.- 4. Computed Tomographic Manifestations of Meningeal Neoplasms.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 25: Clinical Correlations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Polyamine Levels.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Polyamines in Central Nervous System Tumors.- 3. Clinical Utility of CSF Polyamine Determinations.- 4. CSF Polyamines in Pituitary Disease.- 5. CSF Polyamines in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Other Factors That May Influence CSF Polyamine Levels.- 7. Future Directions.- References.- 26: Enhancement of Delivery of Antineoplastic Drugs into Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors Involved in Drug Delivery into CSF.- 3. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery Using Alternative Anatomical Approaches.- 4. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Administration of High-Dose Systemic Chemotherapy.- 5. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Alteration of CSF Drug- Disappearance Kinetics.- 6. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Alteration of Blood-Brain Barrier.- 7. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Modifying Drug Structure.- 8. Summary.- References.- 27: Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Central Nervous System Radiation and Chemotherapy Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Central Nervous System Radiation Toxicity.- 3. Central Nervous System Chemotherapy Toxicity.- 4. CSF Markers of Central Nervous System Damage.- 5. Studies of Myelin Basic Protein.- 6. Summary.- References.- 28: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations in Spinal-Cord Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Studies: Human Spinal-Cord Injury.- 3. Laboratory Studies: Experimental Spinal-Cord Injury.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 29: Perinatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Jonathan Hellman and Robert C. Vannucci.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 3. Neuropathology.- 4. Radiographic Abnormalities.- 5. Clinical Manifestations.- 6. Alterations in CSF.- 7. Pathogenesis of Hypoglycorrhachia.- 8. Summary.- References.- 30: Evaluation of Subarachnoid and Intraventricular Hemorrhage by Computed Tomography.- 1. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 3. Summary.- References.- 31: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Secondary to Central Nervous System Neoplasia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnosis and Etiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Hemorrhage from Cerebral Tumors.- 4. Pathogenesis of Tumoral Hemorrhage.- 5. Summary.- References.- 32: Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Collecting Device and CSF-Cell-Smearing Method.- 3. Preparation of CSF Cells for Electron Microscopy.- 4. Appearance of Normal CSF Cells.- 5. CSF after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Discussion.- 7. Summary.- References.- 33: Xanthochromic Compounds in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Quantitative Spectrophotometry and Electromigration.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technique of Quantitative CSF Spectrophotometry.- 3. Diagnostic Significance.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 34: Pharmacological Vasoconstrictor Activity of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Relationship to Arterial Caliber and Clinical Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysm Surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cerebral Arterial Spasm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Preliminary Analysis of CSF.- 4. Longitudinal CSF Analysis with Clinicoradiological Correlations.- 5. Summary.- References.- 35: Prostaglandins in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Possible Role in Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disease.- 1. Brief Review of Biosynthesis and Clinical Importance of Prostaglandins.- 2. Possible Role of Prostaglandins in Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disease.- 3. Production and Efflux of Prostaglandins from Brain.- 4. Biological Problems of Detection.- 5. Techniques for Quantitation of Prostaglandins in CSF.- 6. Prostaglandin Levels in Human CSF.- 7. Implications for Therapy.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 36: Metabolic Fate of Adenosine in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of Adenosine, Inosine, and Hypoxanthine in CSF.- 3. Determination of Loss of U-[14C]Purines from CSF into Blood.- 4. Mechanism of Incorporation of Adenosine and Inosine from CSF into Brain Nucleotides.- 5. Relative Incorporation of Adenosine, Inosine, and Hypoxanthine from CSF into Brain Nucleotides.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 37: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations in Pregnancy and Eclampsia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension.- 3. CSF Characteristics.- 4. Summary.- References.- 38: Pharmacology of Anticonvulsant Drugs in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Studying CSF Entry and Exit of Anticonvulsants.- 3. Distribution of Anticonvulsant Drugs between CSF and Plasma.- 4. Anticonvulsant Drug Distribution in CSF in Convulsive States.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 39: Body Position and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure.- 1. Basic Concepts.- 2. Mechanical Effects of Postural Changes.- 3. Regulatory Effects of Postural Changes.- 4. Clinical Implications.- References.- 40: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulse Pressure as Parameter of Intracranial Elastance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Method.- 3. Clinical Observations.- 4. Experimental Studies.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Definitions of Abbreviations and Mathematical Symbols.- References.- 41: Autonomic Nervous Control of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Intracranial Pressure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nerve Fibers in Choroid Plexus.- 3. Sympathetic Influence on Choroid-Plexus Function.- 4. Cholinergic Influence on CSF Formation.- 5. Sympathetic Denervation and Intracranial Pressure.- 6. Summary.- References.- 42: Adrenergic-Receptor Mechanisms in Mammalian Choroid Plexus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Background to Role of Cyclic AMP in Mediating Hormone- Receptor Function.- 3. Studies with Broken-Cell Preparations of Whole Choroid Plexus.- 4. Localization of Choroid-Plexus ?-Adrenergic Receptors.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 43: Alteration in Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow and Cerebrospinal-Fluid Formation by Increased Ventricular Pressure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow.- 3. Alteration of Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow and Secretion.- 4. Summary.- References.- 44: Intracranial Hypertension in Experimental Animals and Man: Quantitative Approach to System Dynamics of Circulatory Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formulation of CSF System Model.- 3. Model Application: Simulated Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Dog.- 4. Model Application: Confirmation of Pressure-Sensitive Formation Model in Rat.- 5. Model Application: Pseudotumor Cerebri in Man.- 6. Summary.- References.- 45: Mechanisms of Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption in Normal and Pathologically Altered Arachnoid Villi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Arachnoid Villi: Structural Considerations.- 3. Arachnoid Villi: Functional Aspects of Villus Structure.- 4. Arachnoid Villi: Pathological Alterations.- 5. Summary.- References.- 46: Bacterial Meningitis: Selected Aspects of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathophysiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Complications and Neurological Sequelae of Bacterial Meningitis.- 3. Proliferation and Clearance of CSF Bacteria in Experimental Meningitis.- 4. CSF Outflow Resistance in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis.- References.- 47: Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory Dynamics in Pseudotumor Cerebri and Response to Steroid Therapy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Pathogenesis.- 4. Intracranial-Pressure Monitoring and Manometric Flow Studies.- 5. Prognosis and Therapy.- 6. Summary.- References.- 48: Differential Effects of Pentobarbital, Ketamine Hydrochloride, Enflurane, and Halothane on Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cardiovascular Function, Cerebrovascular Reactivity, and Cerebral Metabolism.- 3. Anesthetic Agents and CSF Formation.- 4. Effects of Anesthetic Agents on CSF Absorption.- 5. Summary.- References.- 49: Effect of Mannitol-Induced Hyperosmolarity on Transport between Brain Interstitial Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Interstitial Fluid.- 3. Hyperosmolar Solutions.- 4. Summary.- References.- 50: Clearance of Edema Fluid into Cerebrospinal Fluid: Mechanism for Resolution of Vasogenic Brain Edema.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of Edema Fluid through Brain Tissue.- 3. Resolution of Vasogenic Brain Edema by Movement into Ventricular CSF.- 4. Quantitative Measurement of Amount of Edema Clearance into Ventricular CSF.- 5. Summary.- References.- 51: Ependymal Alterations in Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ependymal Topography.- 3. Regional Ependymal Changes in Hydrocephalus.- 4. Functional Correlates.- References.- 52: Reconstitution of Cerebral Cortical Mantle following Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ultrastructure.- 3. Cell Size, Number, and Myelin Content.- 4. Reversibility of Ultrastructural Change by Shunting.- 5. Clinical Implications.- References.- 53: Neuroophthalmological Signs of Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Pathology.- 3. Ocular Pathology.- 4. "Normal-Pressure" Hydrocephalus.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 54: Visual Evoked Potentials in Evaluation and Management of Patients with Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Study.- 3. Hydrocephalus and Visual Evoked Potentials.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 55: Hydranencephaly and Maximal Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Material.- 3. Surgical Therapy.- 4. Postoperative Neurological Evaluations.- 5. Postoperative Radiological Evaluations.- 6. Visual Evoked Responses.- 7. Summary.- References.- 56: Treatment of Infantile Hydrocephalus with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surgical Treatment and Outcome.- 3. Nonsurgical Treatment.- 4. Pilot Study of Acetazolamide and Furosemide.- 5. Summary.- References.- 57: Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Syringomyelia, Hydromyelia, and Myelomeningocele.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Studies of Syringomyelia.- 3. Clinical Studies of Hydromyelia, Syringomyelia, and Myelodysplasia.- 4. Summary.- References.- 58: Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae: Biomechanical, Etiological, and Therapeutic Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology.- 3. Incidence.- 4. Natural History.- 5. Diagnosis.- 6. Therapy.- 7. Summary.- References.

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