Foundations of logico-linguistics : a unified theory of information, language, and logic
著者
書誌事項
Foundations of logico-linguistics : a unified theory of information, language, and logic
(Synthese language library, v. 2)
D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1978
- : hbk
- : pbk
大学図書館所蔵 全87件
  青森
  岩手
  宮城
  秋田
  山形
  福島
  茨城
  栃木
  群馬
  埼玉
  千葉
  東京
  神奈川
  新潟
  富山
  石川
  福井
  山梨
  長野
  岐阜
  静岡
  愛知
  三重
  滋賀
  京都
  大阪
  兵庫
  奈良
  和歌山
  鳥取
  島根
  岡山
  広島
  山口
  徳島
  香川
  愛媛
  高知
  福岡
  佐賀
  長崎
  熊本
  大分
  宮崎
  鹿児島
  沖縄
  韓国
  中国
  タイ
  イギリス
  ドイツ
  スイス
  フランス
  ベルギー
  オランダ
  スウェーデン
  ノルウェー
  アメリカ
注記
Bibliography: p. 242-244
Includes index
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
-
: hbk ISBN 9789027708649
内容説明
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. * If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There- fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . * It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider- able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par- ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them.
But on reflection I had to admit that my expla- nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
目次
1. Introduction.- 1.1 Aims.- 1.2 Beyond Syntax.- 1.3 Bloomfield's Dilemma.- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem.- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis.- 1.6 Theories of Logic.- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics.- 2. Information and Language.- 2.1 Information States.- 2.2 Input and Output.- 2.3 Information Automata.- 2.4 Language Automata.- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology.- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game.- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata.- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton.- 2.9 Languages.- 2.10 Summary.- 3. On Describing Languages.- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies.- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence.- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories.- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties.- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process.- 4. Language and Deductive Logic.- 4.1 Idealizations.- 4.2 Logical Relationships.- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships.- 4.4 Logics.- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics.- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships.- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical.- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process.- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics.- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages.- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages.- 5.3 A Fragment of English.- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic.- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions.- 5.6 Other Language Families.- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics.- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.- 6. Meaning.- 6.1 Purports and Imports.- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries.- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries.- 6.4 Synonymy.- 7. Language and Inductive Logic.- 7.1 Credibility Weights.- 7.2 Probability Weights.- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages.- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages.- 7.5 Plausible Inference.- 7.6 Statistical Inference.- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning.- 7.8 Extended Semantics.- 8. 'If-Then': A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis.- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested.- 82 History of Hypothesis A.- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B.- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses.- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest.- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability.- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A.- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B.- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B.- 8.10 Contraposition.- 8.11 Methodological Review.- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism.- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns.- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication.- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically.- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens.- 8.17 Order of Premises.- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals.- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals.- 8.20 Aristole's Slip.- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals.- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals.- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals.- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals.- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals.- 8.26 Lewis Carroll's Barbershop Paradox.- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals.- 8.28 Conclusions about If-then.- 8.29 Further Case Studies.- 8.30 Concluding Remark.- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications.- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit.- 9.2 Ambiguity.- 9.3 Context-Dependence.- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness.- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences.- 9.6 Physical Realizability.- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering.- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity.- 9.9 Further Computer Applications.- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence.- 9.11 The Future.- References.
- 巻冊次
-
: pbk ISBN 9789027708762
内容説明
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. * If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . * It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
目次
1. Introduction.- 1.1 Aims.- 1.2 Beyond Syntax.- 1.3 Bloomfield's Dilemma.- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem.- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis.- 1.6 Theories of Logic.- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics.- 2. Information and Language.- 2.1 Information States.- 2.2 Input and Output.- 2.3 Information Automata.- 2.4 Language Automata.- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology.- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game.- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata.- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton.- 2.9 Languages.- 2.10 Summary.- 3. On Describing Languages.- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies.- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence.- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories.- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties.- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process.- 4. Language and Deductive Logic.- 4.1 Idealizations.- 4.2 Logical Relationships.- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships.- 4.4 Logics.- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics.- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships.- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical.- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process.- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics.- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages.- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages.- 5.3 A Fragment of English.- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic.- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions.- 5.6 Other Language Families.- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics.- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.- 6. Meaning.- 6.1 Purports and Imports.- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries.- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries.- 6.4 Synonymy.- 7. Language and Inductive Logic.- 7.1 Credibility Weights.- 7.2 Probability Weights.- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages.- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages.- 7.5 Plausible Inference.- 7.6 Statistical Inference.- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning.- 7.8 Extended Semantics.- 8. 'If-Then': A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis.- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested.- 82 History of Hypothesis A.- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B.- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses.- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest.- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability.- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A.- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B.- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B.- 8.10 Contraposition.- 8.11 Methodological Review.- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism.- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns.- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication.- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically.- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens.- 8.17 Order of Premises.- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals.- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals.- 8.20 Aristole's Slip.- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals.- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals.- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals.- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals.- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals.- 8.26 Lewis Carroll's Barbershop Paradox.- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals.- 8.28 Conclusions about If-then.- 8.29 Further Case Studies.- 8.30 Concluding Remark.- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications.- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit.- 9.2 Ambiguity.- 9.3 Context-Dependence.- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness.- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences.- 9.6 Physical Realizability.- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering.- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity.- 9.9 Further Computer Applications.- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence.- 9.11 The Future.- References.
「Nielsen BookData」 より