A Model for personality
著者
書誌事項
A Model for personality
Springer-Verlag, 1981
- Berlin
- New York
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注記
Includes bibliographies and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
H. J. Eysenck This book is not an introduction to personality research, it is not a textbook, and above all it is not a model of personality. The title, A Modelfor Personality, was chosen on purpose to indicate that we are here concerned with a discussion of how models in this field ought to be constructed, what their functions were, and whether such models or paradigms could with advantage be produced at this stage of development. One particular aspect of personality, extraversion- introversion (E), has been chosen to exemplify the desiderata which emerge from such a discussion. It is not suggested that personality and E are synonymous - merely that this particular dimension is perhaps better known than any other, has had more experimental work done on it than any other and has acquired a better theoretical substructure, and more links with genetics and physiology, than any other. Hence it seems most likely to serve as an example of how a satisfactory model of personality might ultimately be constructed, i. e. by analogy with E.
Other dimensions of personality, such as neuroticism-stability or psycho tic- ism-superego functioning, are mentioned in the discussion, but only when they overlap or interrelate with E. The book uses E as an example to illustrate the way in which a model of personality can be constructed, but it is in no way a summary of all that is known about E.
目次
1 General Features of the Model.- 1.1 Models and Explanations.- 1.2 The Development of a Paradigm.- 1.3 Theory Making: Correlational and Experimental Psychology.- 1.4.1 Theory Testing: Constraints and Complications.- 1.4.2 Theory Testing: Some Sources of Error.- 2 The Psychophysiology of Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Physiological Basis of Extraversion.- 2.3 Extraversion and Electrocortical Activity.- 2.4 Extraversion and Cortical Evoked Potentials.- 2.5 Extraversion and the Orienting Reaction.- 2.5.1 Stimulus Characteristics.- 2.5.2 Subject Selection.- 2.5.3 Measures of Electrodermal Recording.- 2.5.4 Conclusions.- 2.6 Extraversion and Pupillary Response.- 2.7 The Interaction of Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 2.7.1 Neuroticism and Stress.- 2.7.2 Normal and Patient Populations.- 2.7.3 Neuroticism and Emotional Response Patterning.- 2.8 Conclusions.- 3 A Survey of the Effects of Brain Lesions upon Personality.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Brain-Damaged Personality.- 3.3 Laterality of Lesion and Personality.- 3.4 Frontal Lesions and Personality.- 3.5 Cingulate Gyrus Lesions.- 3.6 Amygdala Lesions and Violence.- 3.7 Hypothalamic Lesions, Aggression and Sex.- 3.8 Thalamic Lesions.- 3.9 Temporal Lobe Lesions and Personality.- 3.10 Brain-Stem Arousal Systems and Personality.- 3.11 Individual Differences in Response to Cortical Stimulants and Depressants.- 3.12 Personality Processes.- 3.13 Brain and Personality: A Synopsis.- 4 The Genetic and Environmental Architecture of Psychoticism, Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Biometrical Approach.- 4.2.1 Basic Model.- 4.2.2 Estimation of Parameters in the Model Using MZ and DZ Twins.- 4.3 Empirical Studies.- 4.3.1 Older Studies.- 4.3.2 Studies Involving the EPQ and Similar Questionnaires.- 4.4 Conclusion.- 5 Personality and Conditioning.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Basic Issues: The Major Theories.- 5.2.1 Pavlovian Typology.- 5.2.2 Modifications of the Pavlovian System.- 5.2.3 The Personality Theory of Eysenck.- 5.2.4 The Drive Theory of Spence.- 5.2.5 Gray's Reformulation of the Eysenck Theory.- 5.2.6 Summary.- 5.3 Basic Issues: The Period of Aufklarung.- 5.3.1 Summary.- 5.4 Newer Perspectives: Determinants of Responding.- 5.4.1 Studies Including Personality.- 5.4.2 Studies Excluding Personality.- 5.4.3 Summary.- 5.5 New Perspectives: Recent Extensions.- 5.5.1 Substantive Areas.- 5.5.1.1 Conditioning in Infancy.- 5.5.1.2 Response Topography.- 5.5.1.3 Extinction.- 5.5.1.4 Attitude and Evaluative Conditioning.- 5.5.2 Theoretical Issues.- 5.5.2.1 V-Form and C-Form Responding.- 5.5.2.2 Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality.- 5.5.2.3 Cognition.- 5.5.2.4 Conditionability.- 5.6 Conditioning and Personality.- 6 Learning, Memory and Personality.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic Theoretical Constructs.- 6.2.1 Attention: Selectivity and Intensity.- 6.2.2 Working Memory.- 6.2.3 Summary.- 6.3 Effects of Anxiety on Learning and Memory.- 6.3.1 Spence and Spence (1966).- 6.3.2 Anxiety: Cognitive Factors.- 6.3.3 Working-Memory Capacity.- 6.3.4 Levels of Processing and Elaboration of Encoding.- 6.3.5 Towards a Theory of Anxiety.- 6.3.6 Success and Failure.- 6.4 Effects of Introversion - Extraversion on Learning and Memory.- 6.4.1 Interrelationship Between Introversion - Extraversion and Anxiety.- 6.4.2 Introversion - Extraversion: Reward and Punishment.- 6.4.3 Cortical Arousal.- 6.4.4 Retention Interval.- 6.4.5 Distraction.- 6.4.6 Task Difficulty.- 6.4.7 Retrieval: Speed and Power.- 6.4.8 Summary and Conclusions.- 7 Personality and Social Behaviour.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Affiliation and Personal Space.- 7.3 Birth Order.- 7.4 Group Interaction and Social Skills.- 7.5 Speech Patterns.- 7.6 Expressive Behaviour and Person Perception.- 7.7 Expressive Control.- 7.8 Field Dependence.- 7.9 Suggestibility.- 7.10 Conflict Handling.- 7.11 Attraction.- 7.12 Sexual Behaviour.- 7.13 Attitudes and Values.- 7.14 Recreational Interests.- 7.15 Occupational Choice and Aptitude.- 7.16 Industrial Performance.- 7.17 Academic Aptitude and Achievement.- 7.18 Mental Health.- 7.19 Psychotherapy.- 7.20 Drug Use and Abuse.- 7.21 Crime and Delinquency.- 7.22 Cross-National Differences.- 7.23 Conclusions.- 8 A Critique of Eysenck's Theory of Personality.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Personality Description.- 8.3 Biological Explanation.- 8.4 An Alternative Theory.- 8.5 Coda 1: Strength of the Nervous System.- 8.6 Coda 2: Psychoticism.- Epilogue.
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