CiNii 図書 - Highlights of astronomy

Recording the proceedings of the IAU XXVI General Assembly, this volume of the IAU Highlights of Astronomy covers virtually all aspects of modern astrophysics as discussed by 2400 participants from 73 countries. Notably, the common aspects of astrophysical phenomena known to exist in widely differing interstellar environments is thoroughly examined, providing fertile cross correlation from one specialisation to another. This text highlights the importance of the triennial IAU General Assemblies in bringing together the work of observers and theoreticians in widely different fields, but working towards a common goal: understanding the physics of the Universe. Together with the Proceedings of the IAU Symposia 235-240, this volume examines all of the astrophysics presented at the General Assembly.

Preface Karel A. van der Hucht
Part I. Invited Discourses: Part II. Joint Discussions: 1. Particle acceleration - from Solar System to AGN Marian Karlicky and John C. Brown
2. Pulsar emission and related phenomena Werner Becker, Janusz A. Gil and Bronislaw Rudak
3. Solar activity regions and magnetic structure Debi Prasad Choudhary and Michal Sobotka
4. The ultraviolet universe: Stars from birth to death Ana I. Gomez de Castro and Martin A. Barstow
5. Calibrating the top of the stellar M-L relationship Claus Leitherer, Anthony F. J. Moat and Joachim Puls
6. Neutron stars and black holes in star clusters Frederic A. Rasio
7. The Universe at z > 6 Daniel Schaerer and Andrea Ferrara
8. Solar and stellar activity cycles Klaus G. Strassmeier and Alexander Kosovichev
9. Supernovae: One millennium after SN 1006 P. Frank Winkler, Wolfgang Hillebrandt and Brian P. Schmidt
10. Progress in planetary exploration missions Guy J. Consolmagno
11. Pre-solar grains as astrophysical tools Anja C. Andersen and John C. Lattanzio
12. Long wavelength astrophysics T. Joseph W. Lazio and Namir E. Kassim
13. Exploiting large surveys for galactic astronomy Christopher J. Corbally, Coryn A. L. Bailer-Jones, Sunetra Giridhar and Thomas H. Lloyd Evans
14. Modeling dense stellar systems Alison I. Sills, Ladislav Subr and Simon F. Portegies Zwart
15. New cosmology results from the Spitzer Space Telescope George Helou and David T. Frayer
16. Nomenclature, precession and new models in fundamental astronomy Nicole Capitaine, Jan Vondrak & James L. Hilton
17. Highlights of recent progress in seismology of the Sun and Sun-like stars John W. Leibacher and Michael J. Thompson
Part III. Special Sessions: SpS 1. Large astronomical facilities of the next decade Gerard F. Gilmore and Richard T. Schilizzi
SpS 2. Innovation in teaching and learning astronomy methods Rosa M. Ros and Jay M. Pasachoff
SpS 3. The Virtual Observatory in action: New science, new technology and next-generation facilities Nicholas A. Walton, Andrew Lawrence & Roy Williams
SpS 5. Astronomy for the developing world John B. Hearnshaw and Peter Martinez
SpS 6. Astronomical data management Raymond P. Norris
SpS 7. Astronomy in Antarctica Michael G. Burton
Author index.

It is the customary practice to report the major events of a General Assembly -the Invited Discourses, Joint Discussions and Joint Commission Meetings in Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 8 reports the highlights of the XXth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, 1988 August 2-11, Baltimore, USA. The present volume contains the 3 Invited Discourses and papers presented at 7 Joint Discussion Meetings and 6 Joint Commission Meetings. Two Joint Commission Meetings will be reported elsewhere -JCM5 Spectroscopy of Individual Stars in Globular Clusters and the Early Chemical Evolution of our Galaxy (in summary only here, published by the Imprimerie de l'Observatoire de Paris) and JCM7 Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds (see Transactions of the IAU, Vol.XXB, report of Commission 37). I am most grateful to the authors of the invited discourses R.M. West and V.I. Moroz, M. Schmidt and M. Rees for sending me the manuscripts so promptly. I am also indebted to the Chairmen of the Joint Discussion and Joint Commission Meetings for their organisation of the meetings and for the assembly of their material for publication. Unfortunately the deadline for receipt of manuscripts coincided with an extended postal strike in France which seriously hindered the preparation of the volume for publication.

Invited Discourses.- Joint Discussions.- Joint Commssion Meetings.- Additional Joint Commission Meeting.- Additional Contributors.- Author Index.

It is the customary practice to report the major events of a General Assembly -the Invited Discourses, Joint Discussions and Joint Commission Meetings in Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 8 reports the highlights of the XXth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, 1988 August 2-11, Baltimore, USA. The present volume contains the 3 Invited Discourses and papers presented at 7 Joint Discussion Meetings and 6 Joint Commission Meetings. Two Joint Commission Meetings will be reported elsewhere -JCM5 Spectroscopy of Individual Stars in Globular Clusters and the Early Chemical Evolution of our Galaxy (in summary only here, published by the Imprimerie de l'Observatoire de Paris) and JCM7 Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds (see Transactions of the IAU, Vol.XXB, report of Commission 37). I am most grateful to the authors of the invited discourses R.M. West and V.I. Moroz, M. Schmidt and M. Rees for sending me the manuscripts so promptly. I am also indebted to the Chairmen of the Joint Discussion and Joint Commission Meetings for their organisation of the meetings and for the assembly of their material for publication. Unfortunately the deadline for receipt of manuscripts coincided with an extended postal strike in France which seriously hindered the preparation of the volume for publication.

Invited Discourses.- Halley's Comet.- I: Ground-based Observations.- II: Space Studies.- 2. The Rise and Fall of Quasars.- 3. Galaxy Formation and Dark Matter.- Joint Discussions.- 1. New Developments in Documentation and Data Services for Astronomers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Developments in primary publishing.- 3. Developments in information retrieval and distribution.- 4. Developments in data archiving and retrieval.- 5. The changing role of astronomical libraries.- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Additional paper: The selection of scientific and technical records for permanent retention.- 2. Formation and Evolution of Stars in Binary Systems.- New observational clues on binary formation in the galaxy.- A search for planetary-mass companions to nearby stars.- Spectroscopic binaries among low-mass pre-main sequence stars.- Binary frequency among pre-main sequence stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus.- Brown dwarfs in binary systems.- Cloud collapse and fragmentation.- Criteria for collapse and fragmentation of rotating clouds.- Mathematical status of the fission theory.- Numerical simulations of fission.- The J vs M relation for binary stars.- The formation and evolution of binaries in globular clusters.- Binaries from unstable triples. Dynamical processes of formation.- "Undisturbed" evolution in binaries.- Disturbed binaries: the early phases.- Binary Wolf-Rayet stars.- Progress of common envelope evolution.- Millisecond pulsars.- Evolution of cataclysmic binaries.- The AM Her period spike.- A new progenitor model of type Ia supernovae.- Concluding remarks.- 3. Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud.- Editorial.- Supernova 1987A: light curves and their interpretation.- Evidence for asymmetries in SN1987A.- Gamma-ray lines from SN1987A and interpretation.- Interpretation of the CO bands of supernova 1987A.- Three dimensional hydrodynamical simulation of type II supernova.- NLTE calculations of hydrogen line profiles for SN1987A.- Non-equilibrium thermal X-ray emission in the early phase of supernova remnant.- Additional papers: Effects of the soft X-ray burst from SN1987A on its circumstellar medium.- Neutrinos: detection and interpretation.- 4. The Cosmic Dust Connection in Interplanetary Space: Comets, Interstellar Dust and Families of Minor PLanets.- From interstellar dust to comet dust and interplanetary particles.- What are families of minor planets?.- IRAS dust bands and the origin of the zodiacal cloud.- Spatially varying optical properties of the zodiacal dust.- What we know about families of asteroids.- Comets, meteorites and interplanetary dust.- Dynamics and spatial shape of short-period meteoroid streams.- Cometary dust and zodiacal light connection.- Dust from the comets.- The origin and physical characteristics of meteoroids.- 5. Atomic and Molecular Data for Astrochemistry.- Atomic and molecular data for diffuse cloud chemistry.- Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectroscopy of interstellar molecules.- Microwave spectroscopy of astrophysical molecules.- Some salient features of evolving models of interstellar clouds.- Molecules in circumstellar envelopes.- Atomic and molecular data for stellar physics.- Chemistry in dense interstellar clouds/Data requirements.- Chemistry in shocks.- Chemical effects of interstellar grains.- The volatile composition of comets.- Atmospheres of planets and their satellites.- Disk and Jets on Various Scales in the Universe.- The far-infrared (IRAS) excess in Roberts 22 and related objects.- Recent observations of the beams in SS433.- Large scale jets in Class I and Class II radio sources and quasars.- Synchrotron thermal instabilities and radio filaments in the lobes of Cygnus A.- Gravitation and jet induced velocities in the narrow line region of active galaxies.- Two-flow model for extragalactic radio jets.- 7. The Hubble Space Telescope - Status and Perspectives.- The science program of the Hubble Space Telescope.- Hubble Space Telescope second generation instrument selection.- Wide field/planetary camera-II for the Hubble Space Telescope.- The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS).- The next generation: an 8-16 m space telescope.- Space astronomy - The next thirty years.- Joint Commssion Meetings.- 1. For Milliarcsecond or Better Accuracy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Observational accuracies.- 3. Theoretical Developments.- 4. Computational considerations.- 5. Working Group Reports.- 2. Solar and Stellar Coronae.- 1. G. Newkirk's contribution to coronal studies.- 2. Structure of the Solar Corona.- 3. Coronal heating: theoretical ideas.- 4. An update on X-ray emission from stars.- 5. Solar and stellar winds.- 6. Coronal instabilities.- 7. Accretion disk coronae.- 8. Solar and stellar flares.- 3. High Angular Resolution Imaging from the Ground.- Principles of imaging using arrays.- Is the imaging problem identical in all wave bands?.- Review of linked array instruments.- Very long baseline interferometry.- Millimeter wave interferometry.- Meter wave interferometry.- Long baseline optical interferometry.- Speckle interferometry.- Infrared long baseline interferometry.- Active control and adaptive optics for optical interferometers.- Galactic and extragalactic applications.- The application of optical arrays to solar system and stellar problems.- Optical interferometry: summary and perspectives.- 4. Molecules in External Galaxies.- The molecular spiral structure in M51 derived from CO(J = 2 - 1) line observations.- Molecular cloud spiral arms and results from tidal interaction modeling.- CO in NGC4438 and tidal stripping in the Virgo cluster.- CO observations of the central region of NGC4258.- The correlation of CO and IR emission from galaxies: what does it tell us?.- Can galactic GMCs be identified from l-v diagrams?.- Warm gas and spatial variations of molecular excitation in the nuclear region of IC342.- Recent CO(2-1) observations of galaxies with the CSO.- Molecules in galaxies: results from Bell Laboratories.- CO in M82 and other middly active galaxies.- Molecular clouds in dwarf irregular galaxies.- Molecular clouds in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.- CO in early type galaxies.- The ratio of H2 to HI gas in infrared luminous galaxies.- Molecular gas in galactic nuclei.- 5. Spectroscopy of Individual Stars in Globlular and the Early Chemical Evolution of Our Galaxy.- Summary.- 6. Stellar Photomety with Modern Array Detectors.- and basic references for stellar photometry with CCD.- CCD imagers for astronomy: past problems and future hopes.- The CCD mosaic project by ESO and INSU/Toulouse Observatory.- Ground-based photometric calibration of the Space Telescope CCD camera.- Some factors affecting the accuracy of stellar photometry with CCDs.- CCD data taking modes and flatfielding problems.- High precision crowded field photometry.- Analytical approximation of long-exposure point spread functions and their use.- Photometric data archives.- 7. Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds.- Additional Joint Commission Meeting.- Systematic Observations of the Sun.- Summary.- 1. Observations.- 2. Modeling implications.- 3. Future work.- Additional Contributors.- The microwave background radiation: recent advances and new problems.- Submillimeter spectrum of the cosmic background radiation.- The status of Big Bang nucleosynthesis in July 1988.- Author Index.

Since 1967, the most prominent events of a General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union have been published in a separate volume. The "Highlight of Astronomy" (Volume 9) reports on the major scientific presentations made at the XXIst General Assembly July 23 August 1, 1991, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The present volume contains the text of the three invited Discourses and of the papers presented during seven Joint Discussion Meetings and eight Joint Commission Meetings.

Invited discourses - gravitational lensing, retrospect on voyager, observational problems in extragalactic astronomy, joint discussions, an overview of the interstellar medium, reference systems - what are they and what's the problem?, results from SOAT and GRO and other recent high energy astrophysics missions, cosmic background, origin of stars of planetary systems, HIPPARCOS - an assessment, first results from the hubble space telescope, joint commission meetings - rotation of solar system bodies, automated telescopes for photometry and imaging, performance and results with IR arrays, atomic and molecular data for space astronomy - needs and availability, a proposal for an international antarctic observatory, late evolution of low mass stars, solar and stellar coronae, high-redshift galaxies, archiving of current observational data (including solar system data)
special contributions - commission 9 - instrumentation
commission 46 - teaching of astronomy.

This volume of the Highlights of Astronomy contains the Invited Discourses and the proceedings or summaries of Joint Discussions, Special Sessions, and Working Group Meetings held at the XIInd IAU General Assembly in August 1994 in The Hague. While the three Invited Discourses are reproduced in the order of their appearance in the meeting programme, the Joint Discussions have been reordered according to their topics. Not included in this volume are the proceedings of the GA Symposia which will be published individually in the IAU Symposia series. I am most grateful to the authors of the invited discourses for preparing manuscripts in spite of heavy other commitments. It is a pleasure to express my appreciation of the work by Dr. Jacqueline Bergeron in organizing the XXIInd General Assembly, and I wish to thank all authors and meeting chairpersons for their cooperation and for providing their contributions in time to meet the customary publication schedule of this series. Special thanks are due to Ms. Monique Leger-Orine from the IAU office for considerable and patient assistance in the final editing, and to Dr. Tom Herbst from the Max Planck-Institute for Astronomy for permission to reproduce on the cover of this volume one of his IR images of Jupiter obtained just after the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact, one of the definite Highlights of Astronomy in 1994.

Preface
I. Appenzeller. I. Invited Discourses. Recent Advances in X-Ray Astronomy
Y. Tanaka. Earth Rotation Variation from Hours to Centuries
J. O. Dickey. The High Energy Frontier
C. Rubbia. II. Joint Discussions. Women in Astronomy
S. Torres-Peimbert. History of Astronomy
S. Debarbat. `75 Years of the IAU'. `Work in Progress'. Current Developments in Astronomy Education
J. R. Percy. Towards the Establishment of the Astronomical Standards
T. Fukushima. Nutation
V. Dehant. Timescales: State of the Art
E. Proverbio. Sun and Heliosphere - Challenges for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Magneto- and Hydrodynamics
M. C. E. Huber. Helio- and Astroseismology
W. Dappen. Dust around Young Stars: How Related to Solar System Dust? Summary
M. S. Hanner. Accuracy of the HR Diagram and Related Parameters
M. Gerbaldi. Recent Advances in Convection Theory and Modelling: Summary
S. Sofia. Stellar and Interstellar Lithium and Primordial Nucleosynthesis
F. Spite. Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae
Y. Terzian. Activity in the Central Part of Galaxies
V. Trimble. Astrophysical Applications of Powerful New Atomic Databases
W. L. Wiese. `The New Atomic Databases'. `Stellar Atmospheres'. `Stellar Structure'. The Status of Archiving Astronomical Data: Summary
R.E.M. Griffin. III. Special Sessions. The Collision of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter
C. de Bergh. Gravitational Lens Monitoring: Summary
J.-P. Swings. IV. Working Group Meetings: A. H. Batten. Problems of Astronomy in Africa. International Catalog Projects. Index of Authors.

This volume of the Highlights of Astronomy contains the Invited Discourses and the proceedings or summaries of Joint Discussions, Special Sessions, and Working Group Meetings held at the XIInd IAU General Assembly in August 1994 in The Hague. While the three Invited Discourses are reproduced in the order of their appearance in the meeting programme, the Joint Discussions have been reordered according to their topics. Not included in this volume are the proceedings of the GA Symposia which will be published individually in the IAU Symposia series. I am most grateful to the authors of the invited discourses for preparing manuscripts in spite of heavy other commitments. It is a pleasure to express my appreciation of the work by Dr. Jacqueline Bergeron in organizing the XXIInd General Assembly, and I wish to thank all authors and meeting chairpersons for their cooperation and for providing their contributions in time to meet the customary publication schedule of this series. Special thanks are due to Ms. Monique Leger-Orine from the IAU office for considerable and patient assistance in the final editing, and to Dr. Tom Herbst from the Max Planck-Institute for Astronomy for permission to reproduce on the cover of this volume one of his IR images of Jupiter obtained just after the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact, one of the definite Highlights of Astronomy in 1994.

Preface
I. Appenzeller. I. Invited Discourses. Recent Advances in X-Ray Astronomy
Y. Tanaka. Earth Rotation Variation from Hours to Centuries
J. O. Dickey. The High Energy Frontier
C. Rubbia. II. Joint Discussions. Women in Astronomy
S. Torres-Peimbert. History of Astronomy
S. Debarbat. `75 Years of the IAU'. `Work in Progress'. Current Developments in Astronomy Education
J. R. Percy. Towards the Establishment of the Astronomical Standards
T. Fukushima. Nutation
V. Dehant. Timescales: State of the Art
E. Proverbio. Sun and Heliosphere - Challenges for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Magneto- and Hydrodynamics
M. C. E. Huber. Helio- and Astroseismology
W. Dappen. Dust around Young Stars: How Related to Solar System Dust? Summary
M. S. Hanner. Accuracy of the HR Diagram and Related Parameters
M. Gerbaldi. Recent Advances in Convection Theory and Modelling: Summary
S. Sofia. Stellar and Interstellar Lithium and Primordial Nucleosynthesis
F. Spite. Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae
Y. Terzian. Activity in the Central Part of Galaxies
V. Trimble. Astrophysical Applications of Powerful New Atomic Databases
W. L. Wiese. `The New Atomic Databases'. `Stellar Atmospheres'. `Stellar Structure'. The Status of Archiving Astronomical Data: Summary
R.E.M. Griffin. III. Special Sessions. The Collision of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter
C. de Bergh. Gravitational Lens Monitoring: Summary
J.-P. Swings. IV. Working Group Meetings: A. H. Batten. Problems of Astronomy in Africa. International Catalog Projects. Index of Authors.

Since 1967, the main scientific events of the General Assemblies of the International Astronomical Union have been published in the separate series, Highlights of Astronomy. The present Volume 11 presents the major scientific presentations made at the XXIIIrd General Assembly, August 18-30, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan. The two volumes (11A + B) contain the text of the three Invited Discourses as well as the proceedings or extended summaries of the 21 Joint Discussions and two Special Sessions held during the General Assembly.

Preface. I. Invited Discourses. II. Joint Discussions. III. Special Scientific Sessions. Author Index.

Since 1967, the main scientific events of the General Assemblies of the International Astronomical Union have been published in the separate series, Highlights of Astronomy. The present Volume 11 presents the major scientific presentations made at the XXIIIrd General Assembly, August 18-30, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan. The two volumes (11A + B) contain the text of the three Invited Discourses as well as the proceedings or extended summaries of the 21 Joint Discussions and two Special Sessions held during the General Assembly.

Preface. I. Invited Discourses. II. Joint Discussions. III. Special Scientific Sessions. Author Index.

Since 1967, the main scientific events of the General Assemblies of the International Astronomical Union have been published in the separate series, Highlights of Astronomy. The present Volume 11 presents the major scientific presentations made at the XXIIIrd General Assembly, August 18-30, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan. The two volumes (11A+B) contain the texts of the three Invited Discourses as well as the proceedings or extended summaries of the 21 Joint Discussions and two Special Sessions held during the General Assembly.

15. The Combination of Theory, Observations and Simulation for the Dynamics of Stars and Star Clusters in the Galaxy. 16. Spectroscopy with Large Telescopes on Chemically Peculiar Stars. 17. History of Oriental Astronomy. 18. High Energy Transients. 19. Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere in the Era of Space Probes: Scientific Highlights of SOHO, Ulysses and YOHKO. 20. Enhancing Astronomical Research and Education in the Developing Countries. 21. The Megamaser - AGN Connection. 22. Astronomy from the Moon. 23. The Leonid Meteor Storms: Historical Significance and Upcoming Opportunities. 24. Pulsating Stars - Recent Developments in Theory and Observation. III: Special Scientific Sessions. SPS I: The Galileo Mission to the Jupiter System. SPS II: Highlights of the ISO Mission. SPS III: Comet Hale-Bopp. Author Index.

Since 1967, the main scientific events of the General Assemblies of the International Astronomical Union have been published in the separate series, Highlights of Astronomy. The present Volume 11 presents the major scientific presentations made at the XXIIIrd General Assembly, August 18-30, 1997, in Kyoto, Japan. The two volumes (11A+B) contain the texts of the three Invited Discourses as well as the proceedings or extended summaries of the 21 Joint Discussions and two Special Sessions held during the General Assembly.

15. The Combination of Theory, Observations and Simulation for the Dynamics of Stars and Star Clusters in the Galaxy. 16. Spectroscopy with Large Telescopes on Chemically Peculiar Stars. 17. History of Oriental Astronomy. 18. High Energy Transients. 19. Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere in the Era of Space Probes: Scientific Highlights of SOHO, Ulysses and YOHKO. 20. Enhancing Astronomical Research and Education in the Developing Countries. 21. The Megamaser - AGN Connection. 22. Astronomy from the Moon. 23. The Leonid Meteor Storms: Historical Significance and Upcoming Opportunities. 24. Pulsating Stars - Recent Developments in Theory and Observation. III: Special Scientific Sessions. SPS I: The Galileo Mission to the Jupiter System. SPS II: Highlights of the ISO Mission. SPS III: Comet Hale-Bopp. Author Index.

Recording the proceedings of the IAU XXVII General Assembly, this volume of Highlights of Astronomy provides an up-to-date review of modern astrophysics, as discussed by 2400 participants. Covering planets, stars, galaxies, dark matter and modern cosmology, it gives a broad overview, allowing specialists and non-specialists alike to bring themselves up to date with the latest developments. This text brings together the work of observers and theoreticians from widely different fields who work towards a common goal: understanding the physics of the Universe. Together with the Proceedings of the IAU Symposia 262-267, this volume examines all of the astrophysics presented at the General Assembly, and provides a valuable testament to the vigour and momentum of astrophysical discovery in 2009, the International Year of Astronomy.

Preface
Part I. Gruber Cosmology Prize Lecture
Part II. Invited Discourses
Part III. Joint Discussions: 1. Dark matter in early-type galaxies Leon V. E. Koopmans and Tommaso Treu
2. Diffuse light in galaxy clusters Magda Arnaboldi and Ortwin Gerhard
3. Neutron stars - timing in extreme environments Tomaso Belloni, Mariano Mendez and Chengmin Zhang
4. Progress in understanding the physics of Ap and related stars Margarida Cunha
5. Modelling the Milky Way in the age of Gaia Annie C. Robin
6. Time and astronomy Pascale Defraigne
7. Astrophysical outflows and associated accretion phenomena Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino and Alex C. Raga
8. Hot interstellar matter in elliptical galaxies Dong-Woo Kim and Silvia Pellegrini
9. Are the fundamental constants varying with time? Paolo Molaro and Elisabeth Vangioni
10. 3D views on cool stellar atmospheres - theory meets observation K. N. Nagendra, P. Bonifacio and H. G. Ludwig
11. New advances in helio- and astero-seismology
12. The first galaxies - theoretical predictions and observational clues
13. Eta Carinae in the context of the most massive stars Theodore R. Gull and Augusto Damineli
14. The ISM of galaxies in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre
15. Magnetic fields in diffuse media Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino and Alex Lazarian
16. IHY global campaign - whole heliosphere interval
Part IV. Special Sessions: SpS 1. IR and sub-mm spectroscopy - a new tool for studying stellar evolution Glenn Wahlgren, Hans Kaufl and Florian Kerber
SpS 2. The international year of astronomy Pedro Russo, Catherine Cesarsky and Lars Lindberg Christensen
SpS 3. Astronomy in Antarctica in 2009 Michael G. Burton
SpS 4. Astronomy education between past and future J. P. De Greve
SpS 5. Accelerating the rate of astronomical discovery Ray P. Norris
SpS 6. Planetary systems as potential sites for life Regis Courtin, Alan Boss and Michel Mayor
SpS 7. Young stars, brown dwarfs, and protoplanetary disks Jane Gregorio-Hetem and Silvia Alencar
SpS 8. The galactic plane N. A. Walton, A. Damineli, M. G. Hoare, J. E. Drew, Roberto D. D. Costa and Walter J. Maciel
SpS 9. Marking the 400th anniversary of Kepler's 'astronomia nova' T. J. Mahoney
SpS 10. Next generation large astronomical facilities Gerard F. Gilmore and Richard T. Schilizzi
Author index.

Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 16, summarizes the proceedings of the IAU XXVIII General Assembly held in Beijing, 20-31 August 2012, which brought together more than 2700 astronomers from 75 member countries. The wide range of topics cover the latest developments in almost every area of modern astronomy, including star formation, galaxies, the accelerating cosmos and dark energy, massive stars, high-energy emission in AGN, space-time reference systems, intergalactic magnetic fields, star-planet relations, the interstellar medium, data intensive astronomy, future large scale facilities, and Chinese astronomy. This volume features the Special Sessions, Joint Discussions and Invited Discussions that provide extended reviews of topics, as well as more focused, shorter chapters that reflect the activity of the world community in each field. Taken together with the eight IAU Symposia Proceedings (IAU S288-296), this volume presents the vast panorama of astronomical research at the time of the IAU triennial General Assembly.

Part I. Invited Discourses: 1. The Herschel view of star formation
2. Past, present and future of Chinese astronomy
3. The zoo of galaxies
4. Supernovae, the accelerating cosmos, and dark energy
Part II. Joint Discussion: 5. Very massive stars in the local universe
6. 3-D views of the cycling Sun in stellar context
7. Ultraviolet emission in early-type galaxies
8. From meteors and meteorites to their parent bodies: current status and future developments
9. The connection between radio properties and high-energy emission in AGNs
10. Space-time reference systems for future research
Part III. Special Sessions: 11. Origin and complexity of massive star clusters
12. Cosmic evolution of groups and clusters of galaxies
13. Galaxy evolution through secular processes
14. New era for studying interstellar and intergalactic magnetic fields
15. The IR view of massive stars: the main sequence and beyond
16. Science with large solar telescopes
17. The impact hazard: current activities and future plans
18. Calibration of star-formation rate measurements across the electromagnetic spectrum
19. Future large scale facilities
20. Dynamics of the star-planet relations strategic plan and the Global Office of Astronomy for Development
21. Strategic plan and the Global Office of Astronomy for Development
22. Modern views of the interstellar medium
23. High-precision tests of stellar physics from high-precision photometry
24. Communicating astronomy with the public for scientists
25. Data intensive astronomy
26. Unexplained spectral phenomena in the interstellar medium
27. Light pollution: protecting astronomical sites and increasing global awareness through education.

The year 1973 marked the highest peak of IAU activity up to now. Besides the Gen eral Assembly in Sydney, and the Extraordinary General Assembly in Poland, there were held eleven IAU Symposia and one Colloquium. Several IAU Publications cover this activity. The Proceedings of the Symposia are published in separate Volumes, while the Transactions of the General Assembly and of the Extraordinary General Assembly contain short reports of the Commission meetings, the administrative sessions, and the opening ceremonies. The present Volume covers some of the scientific Highlights of the General As sembly and of the Extraordinary General Assembly. It contains five Invited Dis courses given in Sydney and Poland, some selected papers, and the Joint Discussions at the General Assembly of Sydney. Of course, there were many more papers of special interest presented in Sydney that could not be included in this Volume. Their titles can be seen in the reports of the various Commissions. It is regrettable that the Invited Discourses of C. H. Townes (Interstellar Molecules) and F. J. Low (Infrared Astronomy) were not submitted for publication. Also only five papers or abstracts of the Joint Discussion on the 'Origins of the Moon and Satellites' have been available. Despite these minor shortcomings, I believe that the present Volume is faithful to its title: it gives a substantial part of the Highlights of Astronomy in 1973.

Invited Discourses.- A New Look at the Sun.- Early Stages of the Universe.- The Physics of the Interstellar Matter.- Galaxies and Their Nuclei.- The Astronomy and Cosmology of Copernicus.- Selected Papers.- X-Ray Sources in Close Binary Systems.- The Next Decade in Stellar Atmospheres Theory.- The Future of Observational Stellar Atmospheres.- The Next Decade of Theoretical Solar Physics.- The Next Decade in Observational Solar Research.- Asymmetry in Solar Spectral Lines.- Joint Discussions.- I. Precession, Planetary Ephemerides and Time Scales.- Introductory Remarks.- Pro and Contra Changes in the Conventional Values of Precession.- The Calculation of the Nutations.- Planetary Ephemerides.- Astronomical Units, Constants and Time-Scales.- II. Stellar Infrared Spectroscopy.- High Resolution Interferometry of Cool Stars.- Presentation and Interpretation of High Resolution In frared Spectra of Late-Type Stars.- High Resolution Spectra of M and C Stars by Fourier Trans form Spectroscopy.- Scans and Narrow-Band Photometry of Late-Type Stars in the One-Micron Region.- Medium Resolution Stellar Spectra in the Two-Micron Region.- Fourier Transform Spectrophotometry and its Application to the Study of K-Giants.- Interpretation of Carbon Stars Spectrafrom Model Atmospheres Computations.- Stellar Spectroscopy at 1.1 ?.- Open Discussion.- III. Kinematics and Ages of Stars Near the Sun.- Preface.- The Ages of Stars in the Neighbourhood of the Sun.- Gould’s Belt.- Red Variables and Their Main Sequence Progenitors.- Low Luminosity Stars and White Dwarfs.- The Kinematics and Ages of Stars in Gliese’s Catalogue.- The Third and Fourth Moments of the Local Stellar Velocity Distribution.- The Abundance and Age Distribution of 500 F Stars in the Solar Neighbourhood.- The Space Densityof Faint M-Dwarfs.- The Correlation Between Kinematical Properties and Ages of Stellar Populations.- Space Distribution and Motion of the Local H i Gas.- Influence of a Spiral Gravitational Field on the Observational Determination of Galactic Structure.- Solar Neighbourhood as the Local Macroscopic Volume Element Within the Galaxy.- How Can It All Be Stable?.- Closing Remarks.- IV. Origins of the Moon and Satellites.- On the Growth of the Earth-Moon System.- Evidence for Lunar-Type Objects in the Early Solar System.- The Movement of Small Particulate Matter in the Early Solar System and the Formation of Satellites.- Gravitational Collapse and the Formation of the Solar Nebula.- The Principle of Least Interaction Action.- V. Jovian Radio Bursts and Pulsars.- Summary.- VI. The Outer Layers of Novae and Supernovae.- The Chemical Composition of the Envelopes of Novae.- The Shell of V603 Aql and the Early Stages of the Nova Event.- Spectrophotometry of Supernovae.- On the Physical Model of Supernovae Close to Light Maximum.- Supernova Remnants.- Soft X-Ray Observations of Supernova Remnants.- Report on the Lecce Conference on Supernovae.

It has become a tradition in the Union to publish the Invited Discourses and the Proceedings of the Joint Discussions held at a Gene ral Assembly in a separate volume entitled HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY. This is the fourth volume of its kind and it contains some of the scientific highlights of the Grenoble General Assembly. In order to reduce its size it was decided to publish its content in two separate parts. The part (I) contains the full texts of the In vited Discourses given by Prof. J.-C. Pecker and by Dr. C. Sagan, and an abstract of Dr. P. Morrison's paper, thus complying with his wish to forego publication of the full text of his Discourse. Furthermore it collects the proceedings of three Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting all of which are related essentially to observations from space, to external galaxies and to cosmology. Part (n) contains the proceedings of the four Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting related essentially to stars and the structure of our Galaxy. Clearly Volume 4 (parts I and TI) of the Highlights reflects only a part of the scientific activities which took place at the Grenoble General Assembly. Many more important papers and discussions were held during Commission meetings and joint meetings. They may be found in the Commissions' reports published in the Transactions Vol. XVI B, 1977.

Invited Discourses.- L'Astronomie Infrarouge et les Poussieres Galactiques.- Astronomy and the Laws of Physics.- Exploration of the Planets.- Joint Discussions.- 2. X-Ray Binaries and Compact Objects.- 3. Space Missions to the Moon and Planets.- 4. Clusters of Galaxies, Cosmology and Intergalactic Matter.- Joint Meetings.- Prospects in Space Astrometry.

It has become a tradition in the Union to publish the Invited Discourses and the Proceedings of the Joint Discussions held at a Gene ral Assembly in a separate volume entitled HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY. This is the fourth volume of its kind and it contains some of the scientific highlights of the Grenoble General Assembly. In order to reduce its size it was decided to publish its content in two separate parts. The part (I) contains the full texts of the In vited Discourses given by Prof. J.-C. Pecker and by Dr. C. Sagan, and an abstract of Dr. P. Morrison's paper, thus complying with his wish to forego publication of the full text of his Discourse. Furthermore it collects the proceedings of three Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting all of which are related essentially to observations from space, to external galaxies and to cosmology. Part (TI) contains the proceedings of the four Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting related essentially to stars and the structure of our Galaxy. Clearly Volume 4 (parts I and TI) of the Highlights reflects only a part of the scientific activities which took place at the Grenoble General Assembly. Many more important papers and discussions were held during Commission meetings and joint meetings. They may be found in the Commissions' reports published in the Transactions Vol. XVI B, 1977.

1. Galactic Structure in the Direction of the Polar Caps.- Introductory Remarks.- One Galactic Structure at Lower z Distances - Space Densities and Motions - The Solar Neighbourhood - M Dwarfs - Missing Mass.- M Dwarfs at Lower z Distances.- Available Stellar Data in Galactic Polar Areas.- Bibliography on Galactic Structure in the Direction of Polar Caps.- M Dwarfs and the Missing Mass.- Some Research Programmes into Galactic Structure at the Galactic Caps Under Way at the Royal Greenwich Observatory.- The Space Density of M Dwarfs - An Observational Program.- The Luminosity Function of Late-Type Main-Sequence Stars in the Direction of the North Galactic Cap.- Galactic Mass Density in the Vicinity of the Sun.- The Frequency of Faint M Giant Stars at High Galactic Latitudes.- General Discussion of Topics in Part One.- Two Galactic Structure at Higher z Distances - Space Densities and Motions - Different Stellar Populations and Chemical Abundances.- The Stellar Distribution Above the Galactic Plane: An Introduction.- Some Results of Classification of Stars in Kapteyn Areas Applied to Galactic Structure in NGP.- Mean Chemical Abundance of the F Stars as a Function of Distance from the Galactic Plane.- RGU Three-Colour-Photometry Towards the NGP: Halo-to-Disk Mass Ratio.- Density Law, Vertical Distribution and Vertical Gradient of Metal Abundances for G and K Giants.- Polarization Measurements and Extinction Near the NGP.- Parallaxes of Selected Stars Near the NGP.- Progress Report on a Search for Parallax Stars in the Region of the South Galactic Cap.- Search for Large Radial Velocities in the Direction of NGP Using the Fehrenbach Techniques.- The Gravitational Field of the Galaxy in the z Direction.- Berkeley Studies of Faint Stars at High Latitudes.- Swedish Programmes Concerning the z Distribution of Stars.- Studies of A and F Stars in the Region of the NGP.- The Distribution of Field Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Galactic Halo.- A New Program to Determine K (z) from Main Sequence Stars.- Objective-Prism Radial Velocities at High Latitudes.- Discussion of the Calculation of the Density Law (Dz).- Motions of Near-Polar K-Giants Along the z Coordinate.- General Discussion of Topics in Part Two.- Three Summary and Conclusions - Present Results and Future Problems for Study.- The Role of Proper Motions in Determining the Luminosity and Density Functions.- Concluding Remarks Part Two.- Current Results and Suggestions for Future Work.- 5. Stellar Atmospheres as Indicator and Factor of Stellar Evolution.- Introduction-Observational Evidence.- Introductory Talk.- Observational Evidence for Atmospheric Physical Characteristics Relevant to Stellar Evolution.- Behaviour of Microturbulence with Evolution.- Observational Evidence for Atmospheric Chemical Composition Peculiarities Relevant to Stellar Evolution.- Stellar Atmospheres as Boundary Condition of Internal Structure.- Sensitivity of Internal Structure to the Surface Boundary Condition.- Boundary Conditions with Mass Loss: General Considerations.- Mass Loss in Stars of Moderate Mass by Stellar Winds and Effects on the Evolution.- Boundary Condition with Mass Loss: The Radiatively-Driven Wind Model.- Alteration of Surface Chemical Composition of Stars by Transport Phenomena.- Stratification of Elements in a Quiet Atmosphere: Diffusion Processes.- Competition Between Diffusion Processes and Hydrodynamical Instabilities in Stellar Envelopes.- Alteration of Surface Chemical Composition of Stars by Nuclear Reaction.- Mixing Between Burned Core Material and Surface Layers.- Decay of Light Elements in Stellar Envelopes.- Conclusion.- 6. The Small Scale Structure of Solar Magnetic Fields.- Observations of Small-Scale Photospheric Magnetic Fields.- Small Scale Solar Magnetic Fields: Theory.- Some Comments on the Measurement of Small Scale Strong Magnetic Fields on the Sun.- Line Profiles of Faculae and Pores.- Facular Models, the K-Line, and Magnetic Fields.- Small Magnetostatic Flux Tubes.- Flows in Magnetic Flux Tubes.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- 7. The Impact of Ultraviolet Observations on Spectral Classification.- Present Status of Spectral Classification in the Conventional Wavelength Range with Emphasis Upon Early-Type Stars.- Spectral Classification of Early-Type Stars from the Low Dispersion Ultraviolet Spectra.- Spectral Classification of B and A Stars from the Line Features of S2/68 Spectra.- Behaviors of B Star Continua and Absorption Features Determined from the TDl S2/68 "Ultraviolet Bright Star Spectrophotometric Catalogue" and from Copernicus Spectra.- Discussion.- Spectral Classification Using ANS Photometric Data.- Spectral Classification with Objective-Prism Spectra from Skylab.- Discussion.- An Atlas of Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra.- A New Temperature Scale for B Stars Based on OAO-2 Data.- Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of White Dwarfs.- The Near Ultraviolet Spectrum of Fe III as a Classification Criterion.- A Catalogue of 0.2 A Resolution Far-Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra Measured with Copernicus.- Spectral Classification from Copernicus Data.- The Ultraviolet Spectrum of ? Lyrae.- The Mg II Features Near 2800 A and Spectral Classification.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- Observational Evidence of the Heterogeneities of the Stellar Surfaces.- Heterogeneity of the Solar Atmosphere.- The Heterogeneity of Surfaces of Magnetic Ap Stars.- Starspots on by DRA-Type Stars.- Starspots on AR Lac Type Stars.- Direct Observations of the Heterogeneity of Supergiant Disks.- On the Spottedness and Magnetic Field of T TAU-Type Stars.

It has become a tradition in the Union to publish the Invited Discourses and the Proceedings of the Joint Discussions held at a Gene ral Assembly in a separate volume entitled HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY. This is the fourth volume of its kind and it contains some of the scientific highlights of the Grenoble General Assembly. In order to reduce its size it was decided to publish its content in two separate parts. The part (I) contains the full texts of the In vited Discourses given by Prof. J.-C. Pecker and by Dr. C. Sagan, and an abstract of Dr. P. Morrison's paper, thus complying with his wish to forego publication of the full text of his Discourse. Furthermore it collects the proceedings of three Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting all of which are related essentially to observations from space, to external galaxies and to cosmology. Part (TI) contains the proceedings of the four Joint Discussions and one Joint Meeting related essentially to stars and the structure of our Galaxy. Clearly Volume 4 (parts I and TI) of the Highlights reflects only a part of the scientific activities which took place at the Grenoble General Assembly. Many more important papers and discussions were held during Commission meetings and joint meetings. They may be found in the Commissions' reports published in the Transactions Vol. XVI B, 1977.

1. Galactic Structure in the Direction of the Polar Caps.- Introductory Remarks.- One Galactic Structure at Lower z Distances - Space Densities and Motions - The Solar Neighbourhood - M Dwarfs - Missing Mass.- M Dwarfs at Lower z Distances.- Available Stellar Data in Galactic Polar Areas.- Bibliography on Galactic Structure in the Direction of Polar Caps.- M Dwarfs and the Missing Mass.- Some Research Programmes into Galactic Structure at the Galactic Caps Under Way at the Royal Greenwich Observatory.- The Space Density of M Dwarfs - An Observational Program.- The Luminosity Function of Late-Type Main-Sequence Stars in the Direction of the North Galactic Cap.- Galactic Mass Density in the Vicinity of the Sun.- The Frequency of Faint M Giant Stars at High Galactic Latitudes.- General Discussion of Topics in Part One.- Two Galactic Structure at Higher z Distances - Space Densities and Motions - Different Stellar Populations and Chemical Abundances.- The Stellar Distribution Above the Galactic Plane: An Introduction.- Some Results of Classification of Stars in Kapteyn Areas Applied to Galactic Structure in NGP.- Mean Chemical Abundance of the F Stars as a Function of Distance from the Galactic Plane.- RGU Three-Colour-Photometry Towards the NGP: Halo-to-Disk Mass Ratio.- Density Law, Vertical Distribution and Vertical Gradient of Metal Abundances for G and K Giants.- Polarization Measurements and Extinction Near the NGP.- Parallaxes of Selected Stars Near the NGP.- Progress Report on a Search for Parallax Stars in the Region of the South Galactic Cap.- Search for Large Radial Velocities in the Direction of NGP Using the Fehrenbach Techniques.- The Gravitational Field of the Galaxy in the z Direction.- Berkeley Studies of Faint Stars at High Latitudes.- Swedish Programmes Concerning the z Distribution of Stars.- Studies of A and F Stars in the Region of the NGP.- The Distribution of Field Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Galactic Halo.- A New Program to Determine K (z) from Main Sequence Stars.- Objective-Prism Radial Velocities at High Latitudes.- Discussion of the Calculation of the Density Law (Dz).- Motions of Near-Polar K-Giants Along the z Coordinate.- General Discussion of Topics in Part Two.- Three Summary and Conclusions - Present Results and Future Problems for Study.- The Role of Proper Motions in Determining the Luminosity and Density Functions.- Concluding Remarks Part Two.- Current Results and Suggestions for Future Work.- 5. Stellar Atmospheres as Indicator and Factor of Stellar Evolution.- Introduction-Observational Evidence.- Introductory Talk.- Observational Evidence for Atmospheric Physical Characteristics Relevant to Stellar Evolution.- Behaviour of Microturbulence with Evolution.- Observational Evidence for Atmospheric Chemical Composition Peculiarities Relevant to Stellar Evolution.- Stellar Atmospheres as Boundary Condition of Internal Structure.- Sensitivity of Internal Structure to the Surface Boundary Condition.- Boundary Conditions with Mass Loss: General Considerations.- Mass Loss in Stars of Moderate Mass by Stellar Winds and Effects on the Evolution.- Boundary Condition with Mass Loss: The Radiatively-Driven Wind Model.- Alteration of Surface Chemical Composition of Stars by Transport Phenomena.- Stratification of Elements in a Quiet Atmosphere: Diffusion Processes.- Competition Between Diffusion Processes and Hydrodynamical Instabilities in Stellar Envelopes.- Alteration of Surface Chemical Composition of Stars by Nuclear Reaction.- Mixing Between Burned Core Material and Surface Layers.- Decay of Light Elements in Stellar Envelopes.- Conclusion.- 6. The Small Scale Structure of Solar Magnetic Fields.- Observations of Small-Scale Photospheric Magnetic Fields.- Small Scale Solar Magnetic Fields: Theory.- Some Comments on the Measurement of Small Scale Strong Magnetic Fields on the Sun.- Line Profiles of Faculae and Pores.- Facular Models, the K-Line, and Magnetic Fields.- Small Magnetostatic Flux Tubes.- Flows in Magnetic Flux Tubes.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- 7. The Impact of Ultraviolet Observations on Spectral Classification.- Present Status of Spectral Classification in the Conventional Wavelength Range with Emphasis Upon Early-Type Stars.- Spectral Classification of Early-Type Stars from the Low Dispersion Ultraviolet Spectra.- Spectral Classification of B and A Stars from the Line Features of S2/68 Spectra.- Behaviors of B Star Continua and Absorption Features Determined from the TDl S2/68 "Ultraviolet Bright Star Spectrophotometric Catalogue" and from Copernicus Spectra.- Discussion.- Spectral Classification Using ANS Photometric Data.- Spectral Classification with Objective-Prism Spectra from Skylab.- Discussion.- An Atlas of Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra.- A New Temperature Scale for B Stars Based on OAO-2 Data.- Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of White Dwarfs.- The Near Ultraviolet Spectrum of Fe III as a Classification Criterion.- A Catalogue of 0.2 A Resolution Far-Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra Measured with Copernicus.- Spectral Classification from Copernicus Data.- The Ultraviolet Spectrum of ? Lyrae.- The Mg II Features Near 2800 A and Spectral Classification.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- Observational Evidence of the Heterogeneities of the Stellar Surfaces.- Heterogeneity of the Solar Atmosphere.- The Heterogeneity of Surfaces of Magnetic Ap Stars.- Starspots on by DRA-Type Stars.- Starspots on AR Lac Type Stars.- Direct Observations of the Heterogeneity of Supergiant Disks.- On the Spottedness and Magnetic Field of T TAU-Type Stars.

The scientific meetings of the !AU are the !AU Symposia, !AU Colloquia, Regional Meetings in Astronomy held under the auspices of the !AU, the Commission Meetings, which may be Joint Meetings of Commissions, and !AU Joint Discussions. This variety means that almost any demand for a meeting can be provided for by the !AU structure, pro vided it is international in character, whatever may be the preferences of the proposers. The !AU General Assemblies include Co~ssion Meetings and Joint Discussions arranged by Commissions, together with the Invited Discourses, and it is these meetings that feature in this volume. The administrative work of the General Assembly is reported in the Transactions of the !AU and the Proceedings of the !AU Symposia, held in the host country or neighbouring countries during the year of a General Assembly, appear in the !AU Symposium Volume series. !AU Collo quium volumes are published separately. The Invited Discourses are a popular feature of the !AU General Assemblies and each of the three discourses presented at the XVIIth General Assembly in Montreal in 1979 appear in this volume. 1979 was the Centenary Year of the birth of Albert Einstein and the occasion was marked, for the !AU, by a discourse of great distinction from Professor S. Chandrasekhar of the University of Chicago, whose contri butions to astrophysics themselves cover fully a half-century. The Invited Discourse by G. Herzberg of the National Research Council of Canada, a Nobel Prizewinner, was equally notable as an !AU occasion.

Invited Discourses & A Selected Paper.- The Interplay of Molecular Spectroscopy and Astronomy.- Stellar Evolution and Close Binaries.- The Role of General Relativity in Astronomy: Retrospect and Prospect.- Scientific Need for Space Astronomy (presented to Commission 44).- Joint Discussions.- Joint Commission Meetings.- Author Index.

The scientific meetings of the !AU are the !AU Symposia, !AU Colloquia, Regional Meetings in Astronomy held under the auspices of the !AU, the Commission Meetings, which may be Joint Meetings of Commissions, and !AU Joint Discussions. This variety means that almost any demand for a meeting can be provided for by the !AU structure, pro vided it is international in character, whatever may be the preferences of the proposers. The !AU General Assemblies include Co~ssion Meetings and Joint Discussions arranged by Commissions, together with the Invited Discourses, and it is these meetings that feature in this volume. The administrative work of the General Assembly is reported in the Transactions of the !AU and the Proceedings of the !AU Symposia, held in the host country or neighbouring countries during the year of a General Assembly, appear in the !AU Symposium Volume series. !AU Collo quium volumes are published separately. The Invited Discourses are a popular feature of the !AU General Assemblies and each of the three discourses presented at the XVIIth General Assembly in Montreal in 1979 appear in this volume. 1979 was the Centenary Year of the birth of Albert Einstein and the occasion was marked, for the !AU, by a discourse of great distinction from Professor S. Chandrasekhar of the University of Chicago, whose contri butions to astrophysics themselves cover fully a half-century. The Invited Discourse by G. Herzberg of the National Research Council of Canada, a Nobel Prizewinner, was equally notable as an !AU occasion.

Invited Discourses & A Selected Paper.- The Interplay of Molecular Spectroscopy and Astronomy.- Stellar Evolution and Close Binaries.- The Role of General Relativity in Astronomy: Retrospect and Prospect.- Scientific Need for Space Astronomy (presented to Commission 44).- Joint Discussions.- Joint Commission Meetings.- Author Index.

Even the casual reader cannot fail to notice the somewhat uneven presentation of the contributions contributians to this volume, in particular what concerns the st style. yle. A closer scrutiny will also reveal that whereas the English language is certainly the preferred vehicle for commu- nication in astronomy, it is not the mother tongue of all contributors. However, while editing this volume I have felt that it would be more important to assure a speedy publication than to attempt to achieve a high degree of uniformity, which would anyhow be extremely diffi- cult with more than 100 eontributing contributing authors. When published, this book should stiIl still be a tool for aetive active research, not a museum pieee. piece. I am grateful to the organizers and editors of the individual sections seetions for having produced produeed their parts with within in the allotted time, and with a high degree of professionalism. A special speeial word of thanks goes to my eollaborators collaborators at the European Southern Observatory, Mrs. E. Volk, Volk, Mr. Nr. C. Madsen, and Mr. J. _Leelereqz, _Leclercqz, for technical teehnieal assistanee. assistance.

Invited Discourses.- Astronomy in Ancient Greece.- The Origin and Early History of the Sun and the Planetary System in the Context of Stellar Evolution.- Modern Cosmology.- Original and Development of Solar Flares.- Joint Discussions.- 1. Solar Luminosity Variations (Chairaman: J.A. Eddy).- 2. Evolution in Old Stellar Populations in Galaxies (Chairaman: G. Lynga).- 3. The Extragalactic Distance Scale and the Hubble Constant (Chairaman: P.W. Hodge).- 5. Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Objects (Chairaman: B.A. Lindblad).- 6. Active Galactic Nuclei (Chairaman: F. Pacini).- 7. Mass Loss Phenomena (Chairaman: A.G. Hearn).- Joint Commission Meetings.- 1. Giant H II Complexes Outside Our Galaxy (Chairaman: J. Heidmann).- 2. UV and X-Ray Observations of Interacting Binary Systems (Chairaman: Y. Kondo).- 3. The Violent Interstellar Medium (Chairaman: V. Radhakrishnan).- 4. Coma Models (Chairaman: B.D. Donn).- 5. Beams and Jets in Extragalactic Sources (Chairaman: R.D. Ekers).- 6. The Local Supercluster and its Environment (Chairamen: G.O. Abell and B.E. Westerlund).- 7. Atomic and Molecular Data (Chairamen: W. Bonsack, J.G. Phillips and G. Traving).- Author Index.

Even the casual reader cannot fail to notice the somewhat uneven presentation of the contributions contributians to this volume, in particular what concerns the st style. yle. A closer scrutiny will also reveal that whereas the English language is certainly the preferred vehicle for commu- nication in astronomy, it is not the mother tongue of all contributors. However, while editing this volume I have felt that it would be more important to assure a speedy publication than to attempt to achieve a high degree of uniformity, which would anyhow be extremely diffi- cult with more than 100 eontributing contributing authors. When published, this book should stiIl still be a tool for aetive active research, not a museum pieee. piece. I am grateful to the organizers and editors of the individual sections seetions for having produced produeed their parts with within in the allotted time, and with a high degree of professionalism. A special speeial word of thanks goes to my eollaborators collaborators at the European Southern Observatory, Mrs. E. Volk, Volk, Mr. Nr. C. Madsen, and Mr. J. _Leelereqz, _Leclercqz, for technical teehnieal assistanee. assistance.

Invited Discourses.- Astronomy in Ancient Greece.- The Origin and Early History of the Sun and the Planetary System in the Context of Stellar Evolution.- Modern Cosmology.- Original and Development of Solar Flares.- Joint Discussions.- 1. Solar Luminosity Variations (Chairaman: J.A. Eddy).- 2. Evolution in Old Stellar Populations in Galaxies (Chairaman: G. Lynga).- 3. The Extragalactic Distance Scale and the Hubble Constant (Chairaman: P.W. Hodge).- 5. Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Objects (Chairaman: B.A. Lindblad).- 6. Active Galactic Nuclei (Chairaman: F. Pacini).- 7. Mass Loss Phenomena (Chairaman: A.G. Hearn).- Joint Commission Meetings.- 1. Giant H II Complexes Outside Our Galaxy (Chairaman: J. Heidmann).- 2. UV and X-Ray Observations of Interacting Binary Systems (Chairaman: Y. Kondo).- 3. The Violent Interstellar Medium (Chairaman: V. Radhakrishnan).- 4. Coma Models (Chairaman: B.D. Donn).- 5. Beams and Jets in Extragalactic Sources (Chairaman: R.D. Ekers).- 6. The Local Supercluster and its Environment (Chairamen: G.O. Abell and B.E. Westerlund).- 7. Atomic and Molecular Data (Chairamen: W. Bonsack, J.G. Phillips and G. Traving).- Author Index.

Ken Freeman I would like to pick out a few items that I found particularly interesting. The choice probably reflects my ignorance, because many of these topics are no doubt more known to most of you. I am fairly sure that some of them are basic and important. We will start with the first session. There were three closely related papers on the evolution of massive stars, the formation of open clusters and associations and the IMF. We learned that clusters appear to form in initially bound clouds 6 of masses between 10'+_10 M , but star formation is a destructive process. Most of the gas is@ lost and the remaining stars then find themselves in an unbound system, which naturally disperses on a dynamical time. As a result of this, star formation is typically a fairly inefficient process, at least on the scale of open clusters. However (as Heggie pointed out) it seems to be somewhat more efficient on smaller scales, as evidenced by the fairly high incidence of binary stars. To form a bound cluster requires a higher efficiency of star formation, typically 30% or more, and we see how the three papers of this morning session relate: the initial mass function and the timing of where and when the DB stars form dictate the likely fate of the system.

Invited Discourses.- Pulsars and their Genesis.- Dark Matter in the Universe.- Venus.- Joint Discussions.- 1. Reference Frames.- Uses and Required Characteristics of Reference Frames for Galactic Astronomy.- Reference Frames for Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites.- Reference Frames and the Extragalactic Distance Scale.- Requirements for Earth Rotation Parameters.- Ephemerides and Celestial Mechanics.- Status Report on the Work on the FK5.- J2000.0.- Classical Absolute/Differential Programs.- The Background to the MERIT/COTES Recommendations on the Terrestrial and Celestial Reference Systems.- HIPPARCOS and Celestial Reference Frame.- The Use of the Hubble Space Telescope for Global Reference Frame Work.- Proper Motions Referred to Faint Galaxies.- Reference Frame Studies at JPL/ Caltech.- On the Use of Natural References.- Relativistic Reference Frames in Astrometry.- Comparison of the Optical and Radio Reference Frames.- The Promise of Optical/IR Interferometry and Space Astrometry.- Reference Frame/Coordinate System in General Relativity.- Discussions.- 2. Long-Period Eclipsing Binary Stars and Related Objects.- Photometry of the Recent Eclipse of Epsilon Aurigae.- A Spectroscopic View of Epsilon Aurigae.- Interpretation of the Data of Epsilon Aurigae.- Observation and Interpretation of Zeta Aurigae Stars.- Related Binaries, Including Symbiotic Stars.- Mass Transfer and Evolution in Long-Period Binary Systems.- Wind Accretion and Interaction in Long Period Binary Systems.- Summary and Critique of Joint Discussion II.- Extraction of the Shell Spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae.- Dynamics of the Epsilon Aurigae Ring Model.- Interim Discussion of the Orbit of ? Sagittae.- Evidence for the Roche Lobe Overflow in VV Cephei.- Infrared Michelson Interferometry of Zeta Aurigae Type Supergiants.- Very Long Period Supergiant Semidetached and Contact Systems.- 3. Solar and Stellar Nonradial Oscillations.- Progress and Problems in the Study of the Pulsating White Dwarf Stars.- The PG1159 Variables.- Non-Radial Oscillations in ? Scuti Stars and Rapidly Oscillating Ap Stars.- Beta Cephei Variables.- Nonradial and Radial Oscillations Observed in Non-Emission Line OB Dwarfs and Giants.- Non-Radial Pulsation in Be Stars.- Radial and Non-Radial Pulsations in Wolf-Rayet Stars and in Supergiants.- Solar and Solar-Like Oscillations: Theory.- 4. Radio Astronomy and Cosmology.- Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum Measurements.- The Angular Distribution of the Cosmic Background Radiation.- Ovro Results on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect, 1983-1985.- The Microwave Background from Cambridge.- Searches for Primordial Pancakes.- Intergalactic Neutral Hydrogen.- The Nature of Faint Radio Sources.- Is the Upturn in the Source Counts Caused by Primeval Radio Galaxies ?.- A New Deep VLA Radio Survey at 6 cm.- Dependence of Linear Sizes and Spectral Indices of Extended Radio Galaxies on Redshift and Radio Luminosity.- Abundances of the Very Light Elements (D, 3He, 4He and 7Li) and Primordial Nucleosynthesis.- 5. Stellar Activity: Rotation and Magnetic Fields.- Stellar Dynamo Characteristics.- Stellar Activity Cycles.- On the Rotation-Activity Connection.- Convection as a Regulator of Dynamos.- The Measurement of Stellar Photospheric Magnetic Fields.- The Dichotomy Between CO Absorptions and Ca II Emissions in the Sun and Stars: An Indirect Diagnostic for Gas Disturbed by Magnetic Fields ?.- Starspots and Plages.- A Study of Three RS CVn-type Eclipsing Binaries.- Coronal Magnetic Fields.- Properties of Stellar Magnetic Fields in Close Binaries Deduced from Non-thermal Radio Observations.- Stellar X-ray and Radio Activities and Coronal Magnetic Field.- On Active Stars, Coronal Loops, Magnetic Braking and All That.- 6. Evolution in Young Populations in Galaxies.- The Concept of Young Populations.- Evolution of High Mass Stars.- The Dynamical Evolution of Young Clussters and Associations.- The Initial Mass Function in Young Star Clusters.- Discussion.- Structure and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds.- Molecular Clouds in M51 and in the Galaxy.- The Molecular Cloud Content of Spiral and Dwarf Galaxies.- Discussion.- Star Formation, Giant HII Regions and Spiral Structure.- Young Stars and Star Formation in Normal Irregular Galaxies.- Discussion.- Chemical Evolution of Galaxies.- Star Formation Bursts in Galaxies.- Discussion.- Summary.- 7. Supernovae.- Centenary of S Andromedae (SN 1885a).- Problems of Observing Nearby Galaxies Visually.- Some Possible Identification Between Chinese Guest Stars and Supernova Remnants.- Supernovae in Flocculent and Grand Design Galaxies.- Recent Optical Observations of Supernovae.- Supernovae and Stellar Mass Loss.- Models for the Early and Late Spectra of Supernovae.- NL TE-Effects in Supernovae Type II Photospheres.- Models of Type II Supernova Explosions.- Effects of Angular Momentum on Supernova Explosion and Stability of Rapidly Rotating Stellar Cores.- Gravitational Radiation by a Collapsing Rotating Stellar Core.- Phase Transitions of Superdense Matter and Supernova Explosion.- X-ray Emission from Supernova Remnants.- Supernovae and Cosmology.- VL BI Observations of the Compact Components in M82.- Radio Supernova Candidates in the M82 Starburst.- Joint Commission Meetings.- Hipparcos.- The ESA Space Astrometry Mission: Overview and Status.- Activities of the Input Catalogue Consortium.- Preparation of the Mission: Earth-based Photometry.- Preparation of the Mission: Earth-based Astrometry.- Activities of the Data Reduction Consortia.- Tycho: Photometry & Astrometry for more than 500 000 Stars.- The Tycho Input Catalogue.- Link with Extragalactic Reference Frames.- Coronal Activity and Interplanetary Disturbances.- Coronal Activity at Radio Wavelengths.- Coronal Response to Energy Release During Solar Flares.- Correlated Observations of Impulsive UV and Hard X-ray Bursts from the Solar Maximum Mission.- Coronal Mass Ejections.- The Sources of Major Heliospheric Disturbances.- The Response of Microwave Emission to the Development of Active Regions.- Coronal Holes and Flare Related Phenomena.- Coronal Structures Observed at Meter Wavelengths.- The Nancay Multifrequency Radioheliograph.- An Energy Storage Mechanism for a Solar Flare by Shearing the Magnetic Field.- Merit + Cotes.- Joint Summary Report of the IAU/IUGG Working Groups on the Rotation of the Earth and the Terrestrial Reference System.- Report of Joint Meeting Held on 1985 November 22 to consider the MERIT/COTES Recommendations for a New International Earth-rotation Service.- Synthetic Photometry.- Principles and Scope of Synthetic Photometry.- The Possibilities of Synthetic Photometry.- Passbands and Photometric Systems.- Observed Stellar Energy Distributions for Synthetic Photometry.- Theoretical Stellar Energy Distributions.- Synthetic Photometry and the Calibration of the Hubble Space Telescope.- Standard Stars.- The Microfiche of Standard Stars.- Energy Distribution, Photometry and Physical Characteristics of the Sun and Solar Analogs.- On the Absolute Energy Distributions of the Sun, of the "Solar Analogs" 16 Cyg B, 16 Cyg A, VB 64 and of Vega.- Note.- Additional Contributions.- New Radio Telescopes.- A Reconsideration of the Galactic Constants.- Author Index.

Ken Freeman I would like to pick out a few items that I found particularly interesting. The choice probably reflects my ignorance, because many of these topics are no doubt more known to most of you. I am fairly sure that some of them are basic and important. We will start with the first session. There were three closely related papers on the evolution of massive stars, the formation of open clusters and associations and the IMF. We learned that clusters appear to form in initially bound clouds 6 of masses between 10'+_10 M , but star formation is a destructive process. Most of the gas is@ lost and the remaining stars then find themselves in an unbound system, which naturally disperses on a dynamical time. As a result of this, star formation is typically a fairly inefficient process, at least on the scale of open clusters. However (as Heggie pointed out) it seems to be somewhat more efficient on smaller scales, as evidenced by the fairly high incidence of binary stars. To form a bound cluster requires a higher efficiency of star formation, typically 30% or more, and we see how the three papers of this morning session relate: the initial mass function and the timing of where and when the DB stars form dictate the likely fate of the system.

Invited Discourses.- Pulsars and their Genesis.- Dark Matter in the Universe.- Venus.- Joint Discussions.- 1. Reference Frames.- Uses and Required Characteristics of Reference Frames for Galactic Astronomy.- Reference Frames for Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites.- Reference Frames and the Extragalactic Distance Scale.- Requirements for Earth Rotation Parameters.- Ephemerides and Celestial Mechanics.- Status Report on the Work on the FK5.- J2000.0.- Classical Absolute/Differential Programs.- The Background to the MERIT/COTES Recommendations on the Terrestrial and Celestial Reference Systems.- HIPPARCOS and Celestial Reference Frame.- The Use of the Hubble Space Telescope for Global Reference Frame Work.- Proper Motions Referred to Faint Galaxies.- Reference Frame Studies at JPL/ Caltech.- On the Use of Natural References.- Relativistic Reference Frames in Astrometry.- Comparison of the Optical and Radio Reference Frames.- The Promise of Optical/IR Interferometry and Space Astrometry.- Reference Frame/Coordinate System in General Relativity.- Discussions.- 2. Long-Period Eclipsing Binary Stars and Related Objects.- Photometry of the Recent Eclipse of Epsilon Aurigae.- A Spectroscopic View of Epsilon Aurigae.- Interpretation of the Data of Epsilon Aurigae.- Observation and Interpretation of Zeta Aurigae Stars.- Related Binaries, Including Symbiotic Stars.- Mass Transfer and Evolution in Long-Period Binary Systems.- Wind Accretion and Interaction in Long Period Binary Systems.- Summary and Critique of Joint Discussion II.- Extraction of the Shell Spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae.- Dynamics of the Epsilon Aurigae Ring Model.- Interim Discussion of the Orbit of ? Sagittae.- Evidence for the Roche Lobe Overflow in VV Cephei.- Infrared Michelson Interferometry of Zeta Aurigae Type Supergiants.- Very Long Period Supergiant Semidetached and Contact Systems.- 3. Solar and Stellar Nonradial Oscillations.- Progress and Problems in the Study of the Pulsating White Dwarf Stars.- The PG1159 Variables.- Non-Radial Oscillations in ? Scuti Stars and Rapidly Oscillating Ap Stars.- Beta Cephei Variables.- Nonradial and Radial Oscillations Observed in Non-Emission Line OB Dwarfs and Giants.- Non-Radial Pulsation in Be Stars.- Radial and Non-Radial Pulsations in Wolf-Rayet Stars and in Supergiants.- Solar and Solar-Like Oscillations: Theory.- 4. Radio Astronomy and Cosmology.- Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum Measurements.- The Angular Distribution of the Cosmic Background Radiation.- Ovro Results on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect, 1983-1985.- The Microwave Background from Cambridge.- Searches for Primordial Pancakes.- Intergalactic Neutral Hydrogen.- The Nature of Faint Radio Sources.- Is the Upturn in the Source Counts Caused by Primeval Radio Galaxies ?.- A New Deep VLA Radio Survey at 6 cm.- Dependence of Linear Sizes and Spectral Indices of Extended Radio Galaxies on Redshift and Radio Luminosity.- Abundances of the Very Light Elements (D, 3He, 4He and 7Li) and Primordial Nucleosynthesis.- 5. Stellar Activity: Rotation and Magnetic Fields.- Stellar Dynamo Characteristics.- Stellar Activity Cycles.- On the Rotation-Activity Connection.- Convection as a Regulator of Dynamos.- The Measurement of Stellar Photospheric Magnetic Fields.- The Dichotomy Between CO Absorptions and Ca II Emissions in the Sun and Stars: An Indirect Diagnostic for Gas Disturbed by Magnetic Fields ?.- Starspots and Plages.- A Study of Three RS CVn-type Eclipsing Binaries.- Coronal Magnetic Fields.- Properties of Stellar Magnetic Fields in Close Binaries Deduced from Non-thermal Radio Observations.- Stellar X-ray and Radio Activities and Coronal Magnetic Field.- On Active Stars, Coronal Loops, Magnetic Braking and All That.- 6. Evolution in Young Populations in Galaxies.- The Concept of Young Populations.- Evolution of High Mass Stars.- The Dynamical Evolution of Young Clussters and Associations.- The Initial Mass Function in Young Star Clusters.- Discussion.- Structure and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds.- Molecular Clouds in M51 and in the Galaxy.- The Molecular Cloud Content of Spiral and Dwarf Galaxies.- Discussion.- Star Formation, Giant HII Regions and Spiral Structure.- Young Stars and Star Formation in Normal Irregular Galaxies.- Discussion.- Chemical Evolution of Galaxies.- Star Formation Bursts in Galaxies.- Discussion.- Summary.- 7. Supernovae.- Centenary of S Andromedae (SN 1885a).- Problems of Observing Nearby Galaxies Visually.- Some Possible Identification Between Chinese Guest Stars and Supernova Remnants.- Supernovae in Flocculent and Grand Design Galaxies.- Recent Optical Observations of Supernovae.- Supernovae and Stellar Mass Loss.- Models for the Early and Late Spectra of Supernovae.- NL TE-Effects in Supernovae Type II Photospheres.- Models of Type II Supernova Explosions.- Effects of Angular Momentum on Supernova Explosion and Stability of Rapidly Rotating Stellar Cores.- Gravitational Radiation by a Collapsing Rotating Stellar Core.- Phase Transitions of Superdense Matter and Supernova Explosion.- X-ray Emission from Supernova Remnants.- Supernovae and Cosmology.- VL BI Observations of the Compact Components in M82.- Radio Supernova Candidates in the M82 Starburst.- Joint Commission Meetings.- Hipparcos.- The ESA Space Astrometry Mission: Overview and Status.- Activities of the Input Catalogue Consortium.- Preparation of the Mission: Earth-based Photometry.- Preparation of the Mission: Earth-based Astrometry.- Activities of the Data Reduction Consortia.- Tycho: Photometry & Astrometry for more than 500 000 Stars.- The Tycho Input Catalogue.- Link with Extragalactic Reference Frames.- Coronal Activity and Interplanetary Disturbances.- Coronal Activity at Radio Wavelengths.- Coronal Response to Energy Release During Solar Flares.- Correlated Observations of Impulsive UV and Hard X-ray Bursts from the Solar Maximum Mission.- Coronal Mass Ejections.- The Sources of Major Heliospheric Disturbances.- The Response of Microwave Emission to the Development of Active Regions.- Coronal Holes and Flare Related Phenomena.- Coronal Structures Observed at Meter Wavelengths.- The Nancay Multifrequency Radioheliograph.- An Energy Storage Mechanism for a Solar Flare by Shearing the Magnetic Field.- Merit + Cotes.- Joint Summary Report of the IAU/IUGG Working Groups on the Rotation of the Earth and the Terrestrial Reference System.- Report of Joint Meeting Held on 1985 November 22 to consider the MERIT/COTES Recommendations for a New International Earth-rotation Service.- Synthetic Photometry.- Principles and Scope of Synthetic Photometry.- The Possibilities of Synthetic Photometry.- Passbands and Photometric Systems.- Observed Stellar Energy Distributions for Synthetic Photometry.- Theoretical Stellar Energy Distributions.- Synthetic Photometry and the Calibration of the Hubble Space Telescope.- Standard Stars.- The Microfiche of Standard Stars.- Energy Distribution, Photometry and Physical Characteristics of the Sun and Solar Analogs.- On the Absolute Energy Distributions of the Sun, of the "Solar Analogs" 16 Cyg B, 16 Cyg A, VB 64 and of Vega.- Note.- Additional Contributions.- New Radio Telescopes.- A Reconsideration of the Galactic Constants.- Author Index.

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