The social basis of scientific discoveries
著者
書誌事項
The social basis of scientific discoveries
Cambridge University Press, 1981
- : hbk
- : pbk
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注記
Bibliography: p. 201-209
Includes index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
What constitutes a scientific discovery? How do discoveries happen and how are they recognised as such? These are questions of central concern to scientists and philosophers. In this book, Augustine Brannigan provides a critical examination of the major theories which have been devised to account for discoveries and innovations in science, and develops a fresh alternative. Dr Brannigan begins by arguing that most theories fall into one of two classes: mentalistic theories, which describe how ideas come into the mind, and cultural theories, which describe how they 'mature' in a particular culture. His account reveals a series of empirical and methodological problems that make these existing models untenable and he proposes as an alternative a sociological approach, which draws attention not to what makes discoveries happen, but to the processes whereby certain achievements are recognised and labelled as discoveries. This approach is illustrated in detail with a number of important scientific cases. The book throws light not only on the conventional character of discoveries but also on the folk elements in popular theories about discovery, such as genius, gestalt switch and simultaneous invention.
目次
- Preface Michael Mulkay
- 1. The topic of discovery and the concept of nature
- 2. Psychological accounts of discovery
- 3. A synthetic assessment of the psychological accounts
- 4. The emergence of a social model of discovery
- 5. Discovery as meaningful action
- 6. The law valid for Pisum and the reification of Mendal
- 7. Perspective, reflexivity and the apparent objectivity of discovery
- 8. Folk reasoning in theories about scientific discovery
- 9. Some sociological features of discovery
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Index.
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