Biology of the uterus

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Bibliographic Information

Biology of the uterus

edited by Ralph M. Wynn

Plenum Press, c1977

2nd ed

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First ed. published in 1967 under title: Cellular biology of the uterus

Includes bibliographies and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

In the decade following the publication of the first edition of Cellular Biology of the Uterus, advances in this field have been so rapid as to require not merely a revision of the earlier text but an essentially new volume. Even the title of the book has been changed, to Biology of the Uterus, to reflect the incorporation of more material based on classical anatomy and physiology. This histological and embryological information provides a necessary, though often lacking, background for the protein chemist and molecular biologist, and a bridge between biochemistry and biophysics, on the one hand, and clinical medicine, on the other. Thus, major practical problems in human reproduction, such as the mode of action of contraceptive agents and the cause of the initiation of labor, may be approached on a firm scientific footing. This text deals primarily with the biology of the uterus itself (comparative and human) rather than with placentation or pregnancy, and as such is a synthesis of data derived from many techniques, conventional and modern. Inasmuch as it is clearly beyond the competence of anyone scientist to prepare such a text on the basis of personal knowledge and experience, the aid of distinguished biologists from this country and abroad was enlisted. All of these authors, acknowledged experts in their respective fields, agreed to extensive revision of their chapters or preparation of entirely new contributions.

Table of Contents

1 History.- 1. Greece.- 2. Alexandria.- 3. Rome.- 4. The "Dark Ages".- 5. Renaissance.- 6. Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.- 7. Embryology and Microscopic Anatomy.- 8. References.- 2 Comparative Anatomy.- 1. Types of Uteri.- 2. Distribution and Probable Evolution of Uterine Types.- 3. Correlations of Uterine Types with Other Biological Features.- 4. Miscellaneous Aspects of the Comparative Morphology of the Uterus.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. References.- 3 Prenatal Human Development.- 1. Urinary Preliminaries.- 2. The Paramesonephric Ducts.- 3. Fetal Development.- 4. References.- 4 Vascular Anatomy.- 1. Menstrual Cycle.- 1.1 Distribution of Vessels.- 1.2 Histology.- 2. Pregnancy.- 2.1 Anatomy.- 2.2 Histology.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- 5 Vascular Physiology.- 1. Measurement of Uterine Blood Flow.- 1.1. Steady-State Diffusion.- 1.2. Microsphere Technique.- 1.3. Electromagnetic Flowmeter.- 2. Physiological Observations.- 2.1. Pressure-Flow Relationship.- 2.2. Distribution of Uterine Blood Flow.- 2.3. Reactivity of Uterine Vascular Beds.- 2.4. Effect of Estrogens on the Uterine Vascular Bed.- 2.5. Effects of Pregnancy on Uterine Blood Flow.- 2.6. Effects of Acute Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on Blood Flow to the Pregnant Uterus.- 2.7. Effect of Uterine Contractions on Uterine Blood Flow.- 3. Summary.- 4. References.- 6 Genetic, Biochemical, and Hormonal Mechanisms in the Regulation of Uterine Metabolism.- 1. Genetic Control of Metabolism.- 1.1. Pyrimidines, Purines, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides.- 1.2. Replication of DNA.- 1.3. Structure, Function, and Synthesis of RNA.- 1.4. Protein Biosynthesis and Enzyme Activity.- 2. Biochemical Control of Metabolism.- 2.1. Glucose Metabolism in Endocrine Glands and Hormone- Responsive Tissues.- 2.2. Sources and Biosynthesis of Hormones Affecting the Uterus.- 2.3. Regulation of Uterus by Estradiol.- 3. References.- 7 Estrogens, Nucleic Acids, and Protein Synthesis in Uterine Metabolism.- 1. Review of the Biosynthesis of Ribonucleic Acid and Protein.- 2. Estrogen.- 2.1. Transport.- 2.2. Energy Supply.- 2.3. Estrogen Receptor Sites.- 2.4. Ribonucleic Acid Biosynthesis.- 2.5. Protein Biosynthesis.- 2.6. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Biosynthesis.- 2.7. Adenosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate.- 2.8. Estrogen and Lysosomes.- 2.9. Estradiol-Sensitive Uterine Cell Cultures.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- 8 The Endometrium of Delayed and Early Implantation.- 1. Marsupials.- 2. Roe Deer.- 3. Armadillos.- 4. Insectivores and Chiroptera.- 5. Carnivores.- 6. Rodents.- 7. Discussion.- 8. References.- 9 The Implantation Reaction.- 1. Preparation of the Endometrium.- 1.1. Cell Proliferation.- 1.2. Cell Differentiation.- 2. Control of Endometrial Preparation.- 2.1. Hormonal Control of Cell Proliferation.- 2.2. Hormonal Control of Differentiation of Endometrium...- 3. Sensitization of the Endometrium for Implantation...- 3.1. Experimental Techniques.- 3.2. Role of Progesterone.- 3.3. Role of Luteal-Phase Estrogen.- 3.4. Role of Estrogen Secreted before Ovulation.- 3.5. Role of the Pituitary and Hypothalamus.- 3.6. Mode of Action of Luteal-Phase Estrogen in Inducing Endometrial Sensitivity.- 4. The Implantation Process.- 4.1. Positioning of Blastocysts in the Uterus.- 4.2. The Attachment Reaction.- 4.3. Activation of the Blastocyst.- 4.4. The Nidatory Stimulus.- 4.5. Formation of the Implantation Chamber.- 5. Regression of the Decidua.- 6. Significance of the Decidua.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. References.- 10 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Endometrium.- 1. Ciliated Cells.- 1.1. Kinocilia.- 1.2. Solitary Cilia.- 2. Secretory Cells.- 3. Endometrial Secretions.- 4. Endometrial Glands.- 5. Species Differences.- 6. Cyclical Variations.- 7. Effect of Intrauterine Devices.- 8. Changes during Implantation of Blastocyst.- 9. Effect of Aging.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.- 11 Histology and Ultrastructure of the Human Endometrium.- 1. Histology.- 2. Ultrastructure.- 2.1. The Normal Menstrual Cycle.- 2.2. The Nucleolar Channel System.- 2.3. The Decidua.- 2.4. The Arias-Stella Reaction.- 2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 2.6. Ultrastructural Localization of Enzymes.- 3. Clinical Correlations.- 3.1. Effects of Contraceptive Agents.- 3.2. Menstruation.- 4. References.- 12 Biochemistry of the Myometrium.- 1. The Biological Unit of Vertebrate Smooth Muscle...- 2. Energy Provision.- 2.1. Hormonal Influence on Glucose Metabolism and Respiration in the Uterus.- 2.2. Energy Sources.- 2.3. Lipids, Glycogen, ATP, and PC.- 2.4. Glycolytic and Respiratory Enzymes.- 2.5. Metabolism of Smooth Muscle Contraction.- 3. Proteins of the Contractile Mechanism.- 3.1. Nature and Organization of the Contractile Proteins of Striated Muscle.- 3.2. Extractibility of the Contractile Proteins of Vertebrate Smooth Muscle.- 3.3. Actomyosin.- 3.4. Myosin.- 3.5. Myosin Subunits.- 3.6. Actin.- 3.7. Tropomyosin.- 3.8. The Regulatory Proteins.- 4. Special Characteristics of the Contractile Mechanism of Mammalian Smooth Muscle.- 4.1 ATPase Activity.- 4.2. Solubility of Smooth Muscle Actomyosin at Low Ionic Strength.- 4.3. Calcium Regulation of Contraction.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 13 Electrophysiological Properties of the Uterine Smooth Muscle.- 1. Review of Methodology.- 1.1. Comparison of Uterine, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscles.- 1.2. A Brief Statement of the Ionic Theory of Excitation.- 1.3. Methods of Recording Electrical Activities of the Myometrium.- 2. Ionic Distribution Patterns and Resting Potential in Myometrium.- 2.1. Problems in Analysis of Ionic Contents of Myometrium.- 2.2. Ionic Contents and Distribution.- 2.3. Resting Potential and Its Relation to Ionic Distribution.- 2.4. Hormonal and Gestational Influences on Ionic Distribution and Resting Potential.- 2.5. Active Ion Transport.- 3. Excitation in Myometrium.- 3.1. Cellular Phenomena.- 3.2. Ionic Basis of Spike Activity.- 3.3. Tissue Phenomena.- 3.4. Contractile Consequences of Electrical Activities.- 3.5. Actions of Drugs on the Myometrium.- 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 14 The Contractile Mechanism and Ultrastructure of the Myometrium.- 1. The Contractile Mechanism.- 1.1. Skeletal Muscles.- 1.2. Vertebrate Smooth Muscles.- 1.3. Mechanism of Contraction.- 2. The Organelles of Smooth Muscle.- 2.1. Surface Vesicles.- 2.2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- 2.3. Mitochondria.- 2.4. Golgi Apparatus.- 2.5. Centrioles.- 2.6. Microtubules.- 2.7. Microsomes and Glycogen Granules.- 3. Structural Changes of the Myometrium.- 3.1. Immature Myometrium.- 3.2. Adult Myometrium.- 3.3. Aging.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- 15 Ultrastructural Pathology of the Uterus.- 1. Endometrial Morphological Response to Hyperestrogenic Environment.- 1.1. Persistent (Anovulatory) Proliferative Endometrium and Endometrial Polyp.- 1.2. Cystic Glandular Hyperplasia.- 1.3. Adenomatous Hyperplasia.- 1.4. Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia.- 2. Endometrial Neoplasia.- 3. Endometrial Morphological Response to Hormonal Therapy: Progestin Effect on Hyperplasia and Neoplasia.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 16 Uterine Control of Ovarian Function.- 1. Ovarian Function.- 1.1. Corpus Luteum in Rat.- 1.2. Corpus Luteum in Rabbit.- 1.3. Corpus Luteum in Ewe and Sow.- 2. Uterine Function.- 2.1. Development and Regression of Endometrium and Myometrium.- 2.2. Role of the Uterus in Cyclic Periodicity.- 2.3. Uterine-Ovarian Function during Pregnancy...- 3. Effects of Hysterectomy on Ovarian Function.- 4. Luteolytic Action of the Uterus.- 4.1. Amount of Uterus Required for Luteolysis.- 4.2. Local Luteolytic Action.- 4.3. Luteolytic Effects of Estrogens in the Ewe.- 5. Ovarian Auto transplantation.- 6. Uterine Transplantation.- 7. Intrauterine Devices and Ovarian Function.- 7.1. IUD in Rat and Rabbit.- 7.2. IUD in Ewe.- 7.3. IUD in Monkey and Woman.- 8. Other Hormones Affecting Uterine-Ovarian Function...- 8.1. Prostaglandins.- 8.2. Relaxin.- 8.3. Oxytocin.- 9. References.- 17 Endocrine Control of Parturition.- 1. Observations Implicating the Fetus in the Control of Parturition..- 2. Parturition in the Sheep.- 2.1. Early Experimental Evidence for the Role of the Fetus in the Initiation of Parturition.- 2.2. The Fetal Adrenal, Cortisol, and Parturition.- 2.3. The Trigger Mechanism.- 2.4. Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy.- 3. Parturition in the Goat.- 3.1. Progesterone.- 3.2. Prostaglandins.- 3.3. Estrogens.- 3.4. Induction of Premature Parturition by PGF2a Infused into the Uterine Vein.- 3.5. Estradiol-Induced Premature Parturition.- 4. Parturition in the Rabbit.- 4.1. Progesterone.- 4.2. Estrogens.- 4.3. Prostaglandins.- 4.4. Cortisol.- 4.5. Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoids.- 4.6. Uterine Activity.- 5. Parturition in the Guinea Pig.- 5.1. Progesterone.- 5.2. Estrogens.- 5.3. Cortisol.- 5.4. Oxytocin.- 5.5. Prostaglandins.- 5.6. Uterine Activity and Relaxin.- 5.7. Surgical Manipulations.- 6 Comment Parturition in the Rhesus Monkey.- 6.1. Hormone Levels in Normal Pregnancy.- 6.2. Uterine Activity.- 6.3 Surgical Manipulations.- 6.4 Effects of Exogenous Compounds.- 6.5 Prostaglandins.- 6.6 Dexamethasone.- 6.7 Comment.- 7. Parturition in the Human.- 7.1. The Fetal Adrenal: Spontaneous Adrenal Hyperplasia Hypoplasia.- 7.2 Fetal Adrenal and Cortisol.- 7.3 Progesterone.- 7.4 Prostaglandins.- 7.5 Oxytocin and Vasopressin.- Concluding Remarks.- References.

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