Energy in plant nutrition and pest control
著者
書誌事項
Energy in plant nutrition and pest control
（Energy in world agriculture / editor-in-chief B.A. Stout, 2）
Elsevier , Distributors for the United States and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub., 1987
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注記
Includes index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This volume concentrates on the energy involved in plant nutrition and pest control for crop production. Fossil fuel energy used to produce fertilizers and pesticides is evaluated along with the amount, distribution and use of these fertilizers and pesticides throughout the world. Alternatives to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and specifically biological nitrogen fixation and the use of organic wastes are discussed in relation to their economic and energy replacement value. Methods for the conservation of nutrients and pesticides are considered. Finally, the energy balance of nutrients and pest control is reviewed in the light of the economic, policy and social issues of the alternative needs and uses.
目次
Part I. Fertilizers. 1. Fertilizer and Energy Use (M.S. Mudahar, T.P. Hignett). Energy and fertilizer linkage. Plant nutrition. Chemical fertilizer. Energy input in the fertilizer sector. Evolution of fertilizer consumption. Regional pattern of fertilizer use. Energy consumption in the form of fertilizer. Fertilizer and energy use by crops. Energy and fertilizer use efficiency. 2. Energy Requirements, Technology, and Resources in the Fertilizer Sector (M.S. Mudahar, T.P. Highnett). Fertilizers and fertilizer technology. Fertilizer raw materials and reserves. Pattern of fertilizer production and trade. Measurement of energy requirements. Energy use in production of nitrogen fertilizers. Energy use in production of phosphate fertilizers. Energy use in production of potash fertilizers. Energy use in production of NPK fertilizers. Energy use in production of secondary nutrients. Energy use in production of micronutrients. Energy estimates for potential new fertilizers. Energy use in fertilizer granulation. Energy use in packaging, transportation, and application. 3. Legume Nitrogen: Symbiotic Fixation and Recovery by Subsequent Crops (G.H. Heichel). Legume N 2 fixation in cropping systems. Constraints to substitution of legume for fertilizer N. Synthesis. 4. Organic Materials as Alternative Nutrient Sources (J.F. Parr, D. Colacicco). Inventories of organic materials. Nutrient content of organic materials. Value of organic materials as fertilizers and soil conditioners. Use as fertilizers and soil conditioners. Special management practices for utilization of organic wastes on land. Composting to enhance the usefulness and acceptability of organic wastes. Organic materials and energy relationships. 5. Conservation of Nutrients (D.D. Buchhloz, L.S. Murphy). Soil erosion and nutrient losses. Evaluating nutrient status for conservation. Fertilizer management for conservation. 6. Energy Efficiency, Economics, and Policy in the Fertilizer Sector (M.S. Mudahar, T.P. Hignett). Energy and fertilizer prices. Economic importance of improving energy efficiency. Energy efficiency in nitrogen fertilizer production. Energy efficiency in phosphate fertilizer production. Energy efficiency in potash production. Energy and large versus small fertilizer plants. Energy efficiency in fertilizer marketing. Energy efficiency in fertilizer use. Economic impact of improvement in energy efficiency. Energy efficiency and government policy. Part II. Pesticides. 7. Energy in Pesticide Manufacture, Distribution and Use (M.B. Green). Manufacture of active ingredient. Formulation. Packaging and distribution. Application. Total energy per area. Relationship of pesticide energies to total energy in the United States and other countries. Alternatives to the use of pesticides. Cost/benefit ratio. Efficiencies. 8. Pesticide Use (Z.R. Helsel). Pesticide use in the world. Pesticide use in the U.S.A. 9. Alternative Pest Management Practices (M. Barrett, W.W. Witt). Cultural practices.
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