The Earth's electrical environment
著者
書誌事項
The Earth's electrical environment
（Studies in geophysics）
National Academy Press, 1986
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注記
Based on papers presented at an American Geophysical Union symposium in June 1983, Baltimore, Md
Includes bibliographies and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This latest addition to the Studies in Geophysics series explores in scientific detail the phenomenon of lightning, cloud, and thunderstorm electricity, and global and regional electrical processes. Consisting of 16 papers by outstanding experts in a number of fields, this volume compiles and reviews many recent advances in such research areas as meteorology, chemistry, electrical engineering, and physics and projects how new knowledge could be applied to benefit mankind.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
INTRODUCTION
Lightning
Cloud Electrification
Electrical Structure of the Atmosphere
The Planetary Boundary Layer
Mesosphere
Ionosphere and Magnetosphere
Techniques for Evaluating the Electrical Processes and Structure
Societal Impact
Recommendations
References
I LIGHTNING
Optical Detectors
Intracloud Versus Cloud-to-Ground Lightning
Lightning Flash and Related Characteristics
Lightning Location Networks
References
INTRODUCTION
CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING
Time-Domain Fields and Lightning Currents
Locations of Lightning Radio Sources
Artificial Triggering of Lightning
References
RECENT AND ONGOING STUDIES
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
References
Shock-Wave Formation and Expansion
Comparisons with Numerical Simulations and Experiments
Tortuosity and the Thunder Signature
PROPAGATION EFFECTS
Finite-Amplitude Propagation
Scattering and Aerosol Effects
Refraction
Propagation Effects Evaluation
Acoustic Reconstruction of Lightning Channels
ELECTROSTATICALLY PRODUCED ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS
References
INTRODUCTION
Mechanisms of Lightning Damage
New Results on Lightning Characteristics
Protection Techniques
FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDED FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PROTECTION
References
INTRODUCTION
NO PRODUCTION BY LIGHTNING
The Global Dissipation Rate, R
The Global NO Production Rate, (NO)
OTHER TRACE GASES PRODUCED BY LIGHTNING
References
II CLOUD AND THUNDERSTORM ELECTRICITY
VERTICAL CONVECTION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Conditioning the Air for Overturning
CONDENSATION AND PRECIPITATION IN RELATION TO AIR MOTION
STRONG CONVECTION
HAIL
TORNADOES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
References
8 The Electrical Structure of Thunderstorms
ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
THE MAIN NEGATIVE AND UPPER POSITIVE CHARGES: SOME OBSERVATIONAL
EVIDENCE
DISCUSSION
PARTICLE-CHARGE OBSERVATIONS
CHARGE MOTIONS AND CURRENTS
LIGHTNING AND THE STORM ELECTRIFICATION
LIGHTNING EVOLUTION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
References
INTRODUCTION
Diffusion Charging
Drift Charging
Selective Ion Charging
Breakup Charging
Induction Charging
Induction Charging
Interface Charging
Cloud Stage
Rain Stage
Hail Stage
CONCLUSIONS
References
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISMS OF CHARGE SEPARATION
Inductive Process
Freezing Potentials
CHARGING BY ION ATTACHMENT
Parallel-Plate Models
One-Dimensional Models
Two-Dimensional Models
Three-Dimensional Models
DISCUSSION
References
III GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ELECTRICAL PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION
Ionization
Properties of Ions
Attachment of Ions to Aerosol Particles
Effect of the Global Circuit
Turbulent Transport of Electrical Properties
PHENOMENOLOGY OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY
LAYER
MODELING AND THEORY
The Electrode Effect
Convection Currents in the Planetary Boundary Layer
Measurement of Global-Scale Phenomena
Ion Physics and Balance in the Planetary Boundary Layer
References
INTRODUCTION
ION PRODUCTION IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE
AEROSOLS IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY, SMALL ION CONCENTRATION, AND MOBILITY
AIR-EARTH CURRENT AND ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE
CONCLUSION
References
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF IONIZATION
Positive Ions
Negative Ions
Model Calculations
CONDUCTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE
CONCLUSION
References
14 Upper-Atmosphere Electric-Field Sources
ELECTRODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN SPACE
SOLAR WIND/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMO
IONOSPHERIC WIND DYNAMO
VARIABILITY
EFFECTS OF UPPER-ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS
SOME OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS
References
15 The Global Atmospheric-Electrical Circuit
THUNDERSTORMS AS GENERATORS IN THE GLOBAL CIRCUIT
Global Thunderstorms
Current Above Thunderstorms
Electrical Conductivity, Columnar Resistance, and Global Resistance
Fair-Weather Vertical Current Density and Total Current
Ionosphere Potential
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY
Model Improvements
Regional Modeling
ELECTRICAL COUPLING BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER ATMOSPHERE
SOME OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS
References
INTRODUCTION
The Physical Problem: Hydrology, Geology, Geothermics, and
Tectonics
Deep Telluric Currents
Communication Cables
Powerlines
Railways
Prospecting of Underground Structures
Earth's Astronomical Motion
CONCLUSIONS
References
APPENDIX: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Appendix References
INDEX
目次
- 1 Front Matter
- 2 OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 3 1 Lightning Phenomenology
- 4 2 Physics of Lightning
- 5 3 Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning
- 6 4 Acoustic Radiations from Lightning
- 7 5 Application of Advances in Lightning Research to Lightning Protection
- 8 6 The Role of Lightning in the Chemistry of the Atmosphere
- 9 7 Thunderstorm Origins, Morphology, and Dynamics
- 10 8 The Electrical Structure of Thunderstorms
- 11 9 Charging Mechanisms in Clouds and Thunderstorms
- 12 10 Models of the Development of the Electrical Structure of Clouds
- 13 11 Atmospheric Electricity in the Planetary Boundary Layer
- 14 12 Electrical Structure from 0 to 30 Kilometers
- 15 13 Electrical Structure of the Middle Atmosphere
- 16 14 Upper-Atmosphere Electric-Field Sources
- 17 15 The Global Atmospheric-Electrical Circuit
- 18 16 Telluric Currents: The Natural Environment and Interactions with Man-Made Systems
- 19 INDEX
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