Functional morphology of the tail apparatus of the pigeon Columba livia
著者
書誌事項
Functional morphology of the tail apparatus of the pigeon Columba livia
（Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology, v. 110）
Springer-Verlag, c1988
- U.S
- Germany
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注記
Bibliography: p. 108-112
Includes index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This volume provides a comprehensive, highly detailed topographical description of the entire tail apparatus of the pigeon including a functional analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its appendages, namely the flight feathers. The manner in which the flight feathers are incorporated into the uropygium has never before been so carefully studied. Foremost among the features of the tail described here for the first time is the bulb of the rectrices. The topographic relationships of the bulb, its external and internal architecture, the attachments and arrangements of its flight feathers, and its socket are described. Also included are accounts of the components of the tail, its skeleton, joints, intrinsic and extrinsic musculature, vasculature, and innervation. There is an analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its various elements, as well as a discussion of the topographic and functional relationships of the tail and cloaca, of the neural control of the tail and of its functions in flight, braking and balance. A preliminary comparative survey of the tail apparatus in representatives of several avian orders has been made. Finally, the unexpected influence of the tail apparatus in visceral functions such as defecation, respiration and vocalization is considered.
目次
1 Introduction.- 1.1 History.- 1.2 Materials and Methods.- 1.3 Terminology.- 2 Superficial Topographic Anatomy.- 2.1 Skin.- 2.2 Uropygial Gland.- 2.3 Fat Bodies.- 2.4 Deep Fascia.- 3 Osteology and Arthrology.- 3.1 Skeleton.- 3.2 Joints of the Tail.- 4 Musculature.- 4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Tail Muscles.- 4.1.1 M. Levator Caudae.- 4.1.2 Mm. Interspinales.- 4.1.3 M. Depressor Caudae.- 4.2 Cruciate Aponeurosis.- 4.2.1 M. Lateralis Caudae.- 4.2.2 M. Caudofemoralis.- 4.2.3 M. Bulbi Rectricium, M. Adductor Rectricium, and Mm. Pennarum.- 4.2.4 M. Pubocaudalis Externus.- 4.2.5 M. Pubocaudalis Internus.- 4.3 Cloacal Muscles.- 4.3.1 M. Sphincter Cloacae.- 4.3.2 M. Transversus Cloacae.- 4.3.3 M. Contractor Cloacae.- 4.3.4 M. Depressor Anguli Venti.- 4.3.5 M. Levator Cloacae.- 4.3.6 M. Dilator Cloacae.- 4.4 Fiber Types of Tail Muscles.- 4.5 Septum Supracloacale.- 5 Morphology of the Rectricial Bulb.- 5.1 External Topography.- 5.2 Socket of the Bulb.- 5.3 Internal Structure of the Bulb.- 5.3.1 Calami of the Rectrices.- 5.3.2 Intrabulbar Arrangement of Rectricial Calami.- 5.3.3 Fat Locules and Interlocular Septa.- 5.3.4 Function of Fat Locules.- 5.3.5 Basal Pads of Rectricial Calami.- 5.4 M. Bulbi Rectricium.- 5.5 M. Adductor Rectricium.- 5.6 Mm. Pennarum.- 5.7 Ligamentum Elasticum Interrectriciale.- 6 Rectrices and Coverts.- 6.1 Implantation of Rectrices.- 6.2 Implantation of Coverts.- 6.3 Pterylography and Ptilosis of the Rectrices and Major Coverts.- 6.3.1 Variation.- 6.3.2 Ptilosis of Major Coverts.- 6.3.3 Function of Major Coverts.- 6.3.4 Ptilosis of Rectrices.- 7 Innervation of the Tail.- 7.1 Pudendal Plexus.- 7.1.1 Topography.- 7.1.2 Distribution.- 7.2 Caudal Plexus.- 7.2.1 Topography.- 7.2.2 Distribution.- 7.3 Dorsal Uropygial Innervation.- 7.4 Ventral Uropygial Innervation.- 8 Neural Control of Tail Movements.- 8.1 Tail Reflexes.- 8.2 Proprioceptors.- 9 Vasculature of the Tail.- 9.1 Arteries.- 9.1.1 Internal Iliac Branches.- 9.1.2 Direct Branches of the Aorta.- 9.1.3 Arteries of the Uropygial Gland.- 9.2 Veins.- 9.2.1 Internal Iliac Vein.- 9.2.2 Internal Vertebral Sinus.- 10 Movements of the Tail and Bulb.- 10.1 Joint of the Rectricial Bulb.- 10.2 Axes of Movement of the Bulb.- 10.3 Elevation and Depression of the Tail.- 10.3.1 Elevation.- 10.3.2 Depression.- 10.4 Lateral Deviation of the Tail.- 10.5 Tilting of the Tail.- 11 Significance of the Pygostyle.- 12 Intrabulbar Movements of the Rectrices.- 12.1 Intrabulbar Depression and Elevation of the Rectrices.- 12.2 Deformation of the Bulb.- 12.3 Spreading of the Rectrices.- 12.4 Folding of the Rectrices.- 12.5 Analysis of Intrabulbar Movements of the Rectrices in Spreading of the Tail.- 13 Tail Structure in Other Species.- 13.1 Tented Tail.- 14 Tail-Cloacal Relationships.- 14.1 Interaction of the Tail and Cloaca.- 14.2 Defecation.- 14.3 Copulation.- 14.4 Oviposition.- 15 Discussion.- 15.1 Function of the Tail in Flight.- 15.1.1 Takeoff.- 15.1.2 Slow Flight.- 15.1.3 Braking.- 15.1.4 Landing.- 15.1.5 Hovering.- 15.1.6 Control and Stabilization.- 15.2 Function of the Tail in Balance.- 15.3 Role of the Tail in Vocalization and Breathing.- 15.4 Function of the Tail as a Prop.- 15.5 Other Behavioral Uses of the Tail.- 15.6 Retention of the Tail of Flightless Birds.- 15.7 Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.
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