Principles of lake sedimentology
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書誌事項
Principles of lake sedimentology
Springer-Verlag, c1983
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注記
Bibliography: p. [295]-308
Includes index
内容説明・目次
目次
1 Prologue.- 2 Lake Types and Sediment Types.- 2.1 Lake Classifications.- 2.1.1 Genetic Lake Types.- 2.1.2 Trophic Level Classifications.- 2.1.3 Thermal Lake Types.- 2.2 Sediment Classifications.- 2.2.1 Genetic Sediment Types.- 2.2.2 Descriptive Sediment Classifications.- 2.3 Lake Type versus Sediment Type.- 3 Methods of Sampling.- 3.1 General Requirements on Sampling Equipment.- 3.2 Types of Sampling System.- 3.2.1 Number of Samples.- 3.2.2 The Sample Formula.- 3.2.3 Sampling in Different Environments - Statistical Aspects.- 3.2.4 Sub-Sampling.- 3.3 Sediment Traps.- 3.3.1 Physics of Sedimentation in Vessels.- 3.3.2 Geometry of Vessels.- 3.3.3 Practical Aspects.- 3.3.4 Problems with Sediment Traps.- 3.4 The Cone Apparatus for in Situ Determination of Sediment Types.- 3.5 Methods of Defining Concentrations.- 3.6 Sampling of Sediment Pore Water.- 4 Physical and Chemical Sediment Parameters.- 4.1 Physical Parameters.- 4.1.1 Water Content.- 4.1.2 Loss on Ignition (Organic Content).- 4.1.3 Bulk Density.- 4.1.4 Grain Size.- 4.1.4.1 Methods of Analysis.- 4.1.4.2 Grain Size Classifications.- 4.1.4.3 Statistical Definitions.- 4.1.4.4 Grain Size Interrelationships.- 4.2 Chemical Parameters.- 4.2.1 Elemental Composition.- 4.2.2 Organic Carbon Compounds.- 4.2.2.1 Humic Compounds.- 4.2.2.2 Other Organic Substances.- 4.2.3 Minerals in Lake Sediments.- 4.2.3.1 Carbonates.- 4.2.3.2 Silicates.- 4.2.3.3 Iron.- 4.2.3.4 Phosphorus.- 4.2.3.5 Sulfides.- 4.2.3.6 Heavy Metals.- 5 Biological Parameters.- 5.1 Sediment-Living Algae.- 5.2 Macrophytes.- 5.3 Benthic Invertebrates.- 5.3.1 Important Forms of Benthic Animals.- 5.3.2 Feeding Mechanisms and Food Types Among Insects...- 5.3.3 Distribution of Benthic Fauna Within Lakes.- 5.3.4 Benthic Lake Typologies.- 5.4 Bacteria.- 5.4.1 Functional Classification of Bacteria.- 5.4.2 Bacterial Turnover of Important Elements.- 5.4.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds.- 5.4.2.2 Oxidation and Reduction of Sulfur Compounds.- 5.4.2.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Iron.- 5.4.2.4 Fermentation.- 5.4.2.5 Methane Formation.- 5.4.3 Decomposition of Organic Material - General Concepts.- 5.4.4 Strategies and Methods for Determination of Bacterial Activity.- 5.4.4.1 The Whole-Lake Approach.- 5.4.4.2 Bacterial Activity in Experimental Procedures.- 5.4.4.3 Parameters Reflecting Total Bacterial Activity.- 5.4.4.4 Factors Reflecting Defined Parts of Bacterial Activity.- 6 Sedimentation in Lakes and Water Dynamics.- 6.1 Physics of Sedimentation in Lakes.- 6.2 Geography of Sedimentation in Lakes.- 6.2.1 River-Mouth Areas.- 6.2.1.1 Delta Sedimentation.- 6.2.1.2 River Plume Sedimentation.- 6.2.1.3 The Borderline Between River Action and Wind/Wave Action.- 6.2.2 Open Water Areas.- 6.2.3 Temporal Variations.- 7 Lake Bottom Dynamics.- 7.1 Definitions.- 7.2 Processes of Resuspension.- 7.2.1 Entrainment.- 7.2.2 Turbidific Sedimentation.- 7.2.3 Wind/Wave Influences.- 7.2.4 Topographical Influences.- 7.3 Methods to Determine Prevailing Bottom Dynamics.- 7.3.1 Lake-Specific Methods.- 7.3.1.1 The Energy-Topography Formula.- 7.3.1.2 The Characteristic Water Content Model.- 7.3.2 Site-Specific Methods.- 7.3.2.1 The ETA-Diagram.- 7.3.2.2 The Cone Apparatus.- 8 Sediment Dynamics and Sediment Age.- 8.1 Laminated Sediments.- 8.2 Bioturbation.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Patchiness.- 8.2.2.1 Areal Patchiness.- 8.2.2.2 Vertical Patchiness.- 8.2.2.3 Temporal Patchiness.- 8.2.2.4 Species-Specific Patchiness.- 8.2.3 Modelling of Bioturbation/Biotransport.- 8.2.3.1 A Dynamic Model.- 8.2.3.2 An Empirical Model.- 8.3 Sediment Age and Age Determination.- 8.3.1 Methods of Age Determination.- 8.3.1.1 Lead-210.- 8.3.1.2 Cesium-137.- 9 Release of Substances from Lake Sediments - the Example of Phosphorus.- 9.1 Background and Presuppositions.- 9.2 Factors of Importance for Mobilization of Phosphorus.- 9.2.1 Fractional Distribution of Particulate Phosphorus.- 9.2.2 Redox Conditions.- 9.2.3 pH.- 9.2.4 Microbial Mineralization.- 9.2.5 Equilibrium Reactions.- 9.3 Transport Mechanisms.- 9.3.1 Phosphorus in Sediment Pore Water.- 9.3.2 Diffusion.- 9.3.3 Turbulent Mixing/Bottom Dynamics.- 9.3.4 Bioturbation.- 9.3.5 Gas Convection.- 9.4 A General View of Phosphorus Release.- 10 Sediments in Aquatic Pollution Control Programmes.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Why Use Sediments?.- 10.3 How to Use Sediments.- 10.3.1 Principles of Metal Distribution in Aquatic Systems.- 10.3.1.1 The Type of Metal and Type of Pollution.- 10.3.1.2 The "1 Prologue.- 2 Lake Types and Sediment Types.- 2.1 Lake Classifications.- 2.1.1 Genetic Lake Types.- 2.1.2 Trophic Level Classifications.- 2.1.3 Thermal Lake Types.- 2.2 Sediment Classifications.- 2.2.1 Genetic Sediment Types.- 2.2.2 Descriptive Sediment Classifications.- 2.3 Lake Type versus Sediment Type.- 3 Methods of Sampling.- 3.1 General Requirements on Sampling Equipment.- 3.2 Types of Sampling System.- 3.2.1 Number of Samples.- 3.2.2 The Sample Formula.- 3.2.3 Sampling in Different Environments - Statistical Aspects.- 3.2.4 Sub-Sampling.- 3.3 Sediment Traps.- 3.3.1 Physics of Sedimentation in Vessels.- 3.3.2 Geometry of Vessels.- 3.3.3 Practical Aspects.- 3.3.4 Problems with Sediment Traps.- 3.4 The Cone Apparatus for in Situ Determination of Sediment Types.- 3.5 Methods of Defining Concentrations.- 3.6 Sampling of Sediment Pore Water.- 4 Physical and Chemical Sediment Parameters.- 4.1 Physical Parameters.- 4.1.1 Water Content.- 4.1.2 Loss on Ignition (Organic Content).- 4.1.3 Bulk Density.- 4.1.4 Grain Size.- 4.1.4.1 Methods of Analysis.- 4.1.4.2 Grain Size Classifications.- 4.1.4.3 Statistical Definitions.- 4.1.4.4 Grain Size Interrelationships.- 4.2 Chemical Parameters.- 4.2.1 Elemental Composition.- 4.2.2 Organic Carbon Compounds.- 4.2.2.1 Humic Compounds.- 4.2.2.2 Other Organic Substances.- 4.2.3 Minerals in Lake Sediments.- 4.2.3.1 Carbonates.- 4.2.3.2 Silicates.- 4.2.3.3 Iron.- 4.2.3.4 Phosphorus.- 4.2.3.5 Sulfides.- 4.2.3.6 Heavy Metals.- 5 Biological Parameters.- 5.1 Sediment-Living Algae.- 5.2 Macrophytes.- 5.3 Benthic Invertebrates.- 5.3.1 Important Forms of Benthic Animals.- 5.3.2 Feeding Mechanisms and Food Types Among Insects...- 5.3.3 Distribution of Benthic Fauna Within Lakes.- 5.3.4 Benthic Lake Typologies.- 5.4 Bacteria.- 5.4.1 Functional Classification of Bacteria.- 5.4.2 Bacterial Turnover of Important Elements.- 5.4.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds.- 5.4.2.2 Oxidation and Reduction of Sulfur Compounds.- 5.4.2.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Iron.- 5.4.2.4 Fermentation.- 5.4.2.5 Methane Formation.- 5.4.3 Decomposition of Organic Material - General Concepts.- 5.4.4 Strategies and Methods for Determination of Bacterial Activity.- 5.4.4.1 The Whole-Lake Approach.- 5.4.4.2 Bacterial Activity in Experimental Procedures.- 5.4.4.3 Parameters Reflecting Total Bacterial Activity.- 5.4.4.4 Factors Reflecting Defined Parts of Bacterial Activity.- 6 Sedimentation in Lakes and Water Dynamics.- 6.1 Physics of Sedimentation in Lakes.- 6.2 Geography of Sedimentation in Lakes.- 6.2.1 River-Mouth Areas.- 6.2.1.1 Delta Sedimentation.- 6.2.1.2 River Plume Sedimentation.- 6.2.1.3 The Borderline Between River Action and Wind/Wave Action.- 6.2.2 Open Water Areas.- 6.2.3 Temporal Variations.- 7 Lake Bottom Dynamics.- 7.1 Definitions.- 7.2 Processes of Resuspension.- 7.2.1 Entrainment.- 7.2.2 Turbidific Sedimentation.- 7.2.3 Wind/Wave Influences.- 7.2.4 Topographical Influences.- 7.3 Methods to Determine Prevailing Bottom Dynamics.- 7.3.1 Lake-Specific Methods.- 7.3.1.1 The Energy-Topography Formula.- 7.3.1.2 The Characteristic Water Content Model.- 7.3.2 Site-Specific Methods.- 7.3.2.1 The ETA-Diagram.- 7.3.2.2 The Cone Apparatus.- 8 Sediment Dynamics and Sediment Age.- 8.1 Laminated Sediments.- 8.2 Bioturbation.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Patchiness.- 8.2.2.1 Areal Patchiness.- 8.2.2.2 Vertical Patchiness.- 8.2.2.3 Temporal Patchiness.- 8.2.2.4 Species-Specific Patchiness.- 8.2.3 Modelling of Bioturbation/Biotransport.- 8.2.3.1 A Dynamic Model.- 8.2.3.2 An Empirical Model.- 8.3 Sediment Age and Age Determination.- 8.3.1 Methods of Age Determination.- 8.3.1.1 Lead-210.- 8.3.1.2 Cesium-137.- 9 Release of Substances from Lake Sediments - the Example of Phosphorus.- 9.1 Background and Presuppositions.- 9.2 Factors of Importance for Mobilization of Phosphorus.- 9.2.1 Fractional Distribution of Particulate Phosphorus.- 9.2.2 Redox Conditions.- 9.2.3 pH.- 9.2.4 Microbial Mineralization.- 9.2.5 Equilibrium Reactions.- 9.3 Transport Mechanisms.- 9.3.1 Phosphorus in Sediment Pore Water.- 9.3.2 Diffusion.- 9.3.3 Turbulent Mixing/Bottom Dynamics.- 9.3.4 Bioturbation.- 9.3.5 Gas Convection.- 9.4 A General View of Phosphorus Release.- 10 Sediments in Aquatic Pollution Control Programmes.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Why Use Sediments?.- 10.3 How to Use Sediments.- 10.3.1 Principles of Metal Distribution in Aquatic Systems.- 10.3.1.1 The Type of Metal and Type of Pollution.- 10.3.1.2 The "Carrier Particles".- 10.3.1.3 The Environmental Characteristics.- 10.3.1.4 Natural Background Levels.- 10.3.2 The Contamination Factor.- 10.3.3 Case Study - River Kolbacksan.- 10.3.4 The Degree of Contamination.- 11 Epilogue.- Appendix 1 Table for Student's t-Distribution.- Appendix 2 Computer Programmes in BASIC for Determination of Biotransport,Time Stratification and Sediment Compaction.- References.
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