CiNii Books - From syntax to semantics : insights from machine translation

Machine translation is a central aspect of research in artificial intelligence. This book presents the main elements of the theory and implementation of a system for the automatic analysis of German. The work has been carried out within the Eurotra-D team, the German Language Group of the multi-lingual machine translation project Eurotra. The issues raised include syntax, semantics, analysis and generation, and lexical transfer. While the authors emphasize that they represent the specific approach of Eurotra-D, rather than speaking for the whole Eurotra project, the ideas discussed should be relevant for any analysis part of multi-lingual machine translation.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Eurotra-D, Johann Haller et al
a syntactic description of a fragment of German in the Eurotra framework, Paul Schmidt
the development of the Eurotra-D system of semantic relations, Erich Steiner et al
from cognitive grammar to the generation of semantic interpretation in machine translation, Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbett
semantic relation in LFG and in Eurotra-D - a comparison, Erich Steiner
generating German from semantic relations - semantic relations as an input to the SEMSYN generator, Ulrich Held et al
transfer strategies in Eurotra, Paul Schmidt
semantic relations in Eurotra-D and syntactic functions in LFG - a comparison in the context of lexical transfer in machine translation, Ursula Eckert and Ulrich Heid
the transfer of quantifiers in multilingual machine translation system, Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbett
a constructive version of GPSG for machine translation, Christa Hauenschild and Stephen Busemann
LFG and the CAT-formalism, Paul Schmidt.

Volume: : us ISBN 9780893915261

Description

Machine translation is a central aspect of research in artifical intelligence. This book is written in the context of the Machine Translation (MT) project EUROTRA, a multi-lingual MT-project putting special emphasis on the definition of semantic representation. The linguistic design of the system is stratificational insofar as the processes of analysis and synthesis consist of the translation between several linguistically motivated levels. Of these a configurational structure, a syntactic dependency structure, and a functional semantic structure are discussed in this book. The issues raised include syntax, semantics, analysis and generation, and lexical transfer, and the ideas discussed are relevant for any analysis of multilingual machine translation. The authors report on the theoretical definitions, on the implementations of linguistic levels, as well as on tools that have been developed by EUROTRA-D.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction Johann Haller, Paul Schmidt, Erich Steiner, Elke Teich and Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbelt 1 1.1 Organization: EUROTRA-D and subsidiary research 2 1.2 The concept of linguistic levels 3 1.3 Rule formalism and syntax 3 1.4 The EUROTRA Interface Structure 4 1.5 Problems and proposals 6 Part I: A coherent system-theory and implementation 11 2. A syntactic description of a fragment of German in the EUROTRA framework Paul Schmidt 11 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 The representational language 11 2.2 Configurational structures (ECS) 17 2.3 Relational structure (ERS) 25 2.4 The relation between constituency and dependency 37 2.5 Summary 39 3. The development of the EUROTRA-D system of Semantic Relations Erich Steiner, Ursula Eckert, Birgit Roth and Jutta Winter-Thielen 40 3.0 Introduction 40 3.1 A procedure for assigning semantic structures to clauses 47 3.2 Appli'cation to German 52 3.3 Problems and solutions 64 3.4 Stability and extensibility of the system 81 Appendix I 84 Appendix II 93 Appendix III 102 4. From cognitive grammar to the generation of semantic interpretation in machine translation Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbelt 105 4.0 Introduction 105 4.1 The principles of linguistic semantics 105 4.2 The entity grammar 121 4.3 The application of the formalism 122 4.4 Implementation of the , T formalism 124 Appendix 129 Part II: Semantic Relations in an MT environment 133 5. Semantic Relations in LFG and in EUROTRA-D: a comparison Erich Steiner 133 5.0 Introduction 133 5.1 On the independence of predicate-argument structure from representations of syntactic context 134 5.2 Polyadicity of predicates 136 5.3 Universal conditions on the assignment of grammatical functions 138 5.4 The treatment of variable polyadicity 145 5.5 Concluding remarks 147 6. Generating German from Semantic Relations: Semantic Relations as an input to the SEMSYN generator Ulrich Heid, Dictmar Rosner and Birgit Roth 149 6.0 Introduction 149 6.1 The basis of the experiment 149 6.2 Mapping participant roles on to syntactic functions 151 6.3 Summary 159 Part III: From source language to target language-aspects of transfer 161 7. Transfer strategies in EUROTRA-D Paul Schmidt 161 7.0 Introduction 161 7.1 Lexical transfer 161 7.2 Two remarks on semantic relations from a strategic point of view 168 7 .3 Examples for structural transfer 172 8. Semantic Relations in EUROTRA-D and syntactic functions in LFG: a comparison in the context of lexical transfer in machine translation Ursula Eckert and Ulrich Heid 178 8.0 Introduction 178 8.1 Course of the experiment 179 8.2 Results of the experiment 181 8.3 Discussion 184 8.4 Final Remarks 9. The transfer of quantifiers in a multilingual machine translation system Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbelt 187 9.0 Introduction 187 9.1 Conditions for the semantics of determiners 187 9.2 Implementation strategy 188 9.3 The semantic functions of determiners 188 9.4 The interaction of the 'count' /'mass' distinction with the expression of the entity's set properties 192 9.5 The organization of the semantic features of determination 206 9.6 The meaning of the semantic features 206 9.7 The featurization of determiners and quantifiers 212 9.8 Deictic determination 215 Part IV: Explorations 216 10. A constructive version of GPSG for machine translation Christa Hauettsclzild and Stephan Busemann 216 10.0 Introduction 216 10.1 The potential role of GPSG within an MT framework 217 10.2 The classical version of GPSG 219 10.3 GPSG from a constructive point of view 225 10.4 Prospects for further research: from syntax to semantics 236 11. LFG and the CAT-formalism Paul Schmidt 239 11.0 Introduction 239 11.1 Constructing a little grammar in LFG 239 11.2 The problem with free word order in German 245 11.3 Long-distance movement 248 11.4 Summary 250 Bibliography 251 Index 259

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From syntax to semantics : insights from machine translation

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