Forensic science progress

著者

• Maehly, Andreas Christian
• Williams, R. L.

書誌事項

Forensic science progress

[editors in chief, A. Maehly, R.L. Williams] ; with contributions by H. Mukoyama ... [et al.]

Springer-Verlag, 1986-1991

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9783540129363

内容説明

Among the sampies collected from the crime scene, tissue sampies such as bone, tooth, hair, nail, skin, muscle and others are very important trace evidence which provide us with available information for personal identification. In order to obtain such information, these tissue sampies should be thoroughly examined using conventional methods including morphology and histo-pathology as weIl as blood grouping. Through the methods described above, blood grouping will give us reliable informa- tion for personal identification to a high degree of certainty. In order to succeed in determining blood groups from tissue sampies, the techniques used should be carefully selected because the content and the distribution of blood group substances are different for various tissue sampies. Moreover, blood group antigen activities are susceptible-to postmortem changes leading to the lowering of their activities. From this point of view, it is essential to adopt a specific and highly sensitive technique for grouping oftissue sampies for routine use. Depending on tissue conditions, adequate pre treatment of the sampies will be required for concentrating blood group substances. For routine blood grouping of tissue sampies, the absorption-inhibition, the hemagglutination-inhibition and the absorption-elution technique prevail and are most favoured in forensic science. In cases of single epithelial cells and extremely small tissue fragments, the mixed agglutination technique can be recommended. Adding to these routine methods, immunohistochemical techniques such as those using fluorescein-Iabelled antibodies, enzyme-Iabelled antibodies and ferritin-Iabelled antibodies have been recently applied to the blood grouping of tissue sampies.

目次

Forensic Soil Characterization.- The Determination of Blood Groups in Tissue Samples.- Death: Accident or Suicide by Use of Firearms.- The Scientific Investigation of Fire Causes.- The Detection of Art Forgeries with Scientific Methods.

巻冊次

v. 2 ISBN 9783540129370

内容説明

Thermal analysis methods have been introduced into forensic sciences only in recent times. Though thermoanalytical instruments have been available commercially for some decades it was not until the beginning of the seventies that forensic scientists became interested in them. At that time some state forensic science laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany made use of differential thermal analysis for forensic soil investigations. The forensic science section of the city police of ZUrich, Switzerland, applied an instrument (differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry) for various purposes. Investigations of fibers by means of differential scanning calorimetry were reported by the Centre of Forensic Sciences at Toronto, Canada, and on the characterization of candle-waxes by differential thermal analysis by the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, London, England. Later on some other insti- tutions like the Bundeskriminalamt at Wiesbaden, Germany, or the Home Office Central Research Establishment at Aldermaston, England, purchased instruments for one or more of the following thermal analysis methods: differential thermal analysis or differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and thermomechanical analysis. . But even now thermoanalytical instruments are not widespread in forensic science institutes and knowledge of their forensic potential seems to be limited. In the following chapters we will give a survey of the most important thermal analysis methods mentioned above, and on current forensic applications and/or fields of actual research efforts.

目次

Thermal Analysis Methods in Forensic Science.- Optical Methods in the Examination of Questioned Documents.- Forensic Hair Investigation.- Author Index Volumes 1-2.

巻冊次

v. 3 ISBN 9783540184478

内容説明

Competitive binding techniques such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) are widely used to measure an enormous variety of compounds in biological fluids. Current methods have 1 2 arisen from the pioneering work ofYalow and Berson in the U. S. A. and Ekins in the u. K. Much of the early development was concerned with the analysis of protein hormones, and nearly a decade passed before attention focussed also on small molecules such as steroids and drugs. The potential of immunoassay methods for drug monitoring in clinical and forensic laboratories and in addict treatment programmes resulted in the commercial production of immunoassays for various therapeutic and abused drugs, making the technique available to laboratories lacking the facilities to raise their own antisera and synthesise labelled compounds. However, commercial assays are not only expensive but are restricted in range, and so it is advantageous for a forensic laboratory to have the capability to devise "in-house" immunoassays suited to its particular requirements. This chapter describes the theory and practice of RIA in forensic drug analysis. Much of the theory and some of the practice are applicable to immunoassays in which non isotopic labels are used, but such assays are not described in detail since, to date, the versatility and sensitivity of RIA have made it the immunoassay technique of choice in forensic toxicology. The particular advantages of RIA are its sensitivity and the fact that samples such as haemolysed blood can be assayed with little or no prior preparation."

巻冊次

v. 4 ISBN 9783540518419

内容説明

Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused stimulants and together with amphetamine has led to serious social problems. Numerous papers in the fields of medicine, toxicology, pharmacology, sociology, etc. have appeared. In Japan for example about 20,000 to 22,000 persons have been arrested in recent years on suspicion of abuse, smuggling or illegal manufacture of drugs. In other countries, stimulant drugs also present social problems and efforts have been directed toward prevention. Although marked development of analytical techniques in the field of forensic sciences has been achieved, there is a need for a continuous review of recent advances. A review of studies on methamphetamine has therefore been made from the standpoint of forensic toxicology and legal medicine. Attention has been directed to biological samples because analyses and interpretation for the purpose of t.oxicological and As a detailed survey on abuse drugs involving clinical practice are important. 1 methamphetamine and amphetamine has been made by Fishbein and covered the time before 1980, we refer only to data and events appearing after 1980.

巻冊次

v. 5 ISBN 9783540532033

内容説明

This series edited by forensic scientists, provides an overview of current knowledge in forensic sciences, by reviewing the progress in this rapidly growing field. Each volume provides an insight into the various aspects of this science. It is the belief of the editors, that every forensic worker should be informed about all branches of his science, even if he may very well be specialised in one or few of them. This research text on forensic science, toxicology, criminalistics is intended for scientists and practitioners in the above-mentioned fields, consultants and expert witnesses.

目次

• MS/MS techniques in forensic science, J.Yinon
• forensic science aspects of ethanol metabolism in humans, A.W.Jones
• recent developments in handwriting examination, R.N.Totty
• forensic entomology, B.D.Turner
• elements of foensic science laboratory management, B.A.J.Fisher.

巻冊次

v. 6 ISBN 9783540541912

内容説明

The range at which a weapon has been fired is an important measurement for the reconstruction of firearms offenses (murder, suicide, accident). All changes caused by a shot and which vary according to the distance from the weapon are suitable in principle for determining this distance. However, some procedures are very elegant in theory but hardly applicable in practice. The constructions of ammunition and the sequence of events during a shot are dealt with first as this knowledge forms a basis for understanding the various methods. \ The individual zones (classes) of firing distances (contact shot, intermediate shot, distance shot) are described. In this connection, the morphological methods for determining the firing distance are discussed. From the shape and size of the powder residue distribution (soot stains, powder tattooing) and with the knowledge of the weapon and ammunition, the distance from the target can be elucidated. In this chapter, the methods of making an invisible distribution visible are also dealt with. In order to determine the range of the shot from the appearance of the wound no complicated apparatus is necessary. One can judge with the naked eye. These procedures have a great advantage over the methods discussed in the following chapter in that they give stronger proof. They are more vivid and convincing for the uninitiated (judge or jury) than abstract measurements obtained by scientific devices.

目次

1 Introduction.- 2 General Section.- 2.1 Ammunitions.- 2.1.1 Normal Ammunition.- 2.1.1.1 Primer Ingredients.- 2.1.1.2 Powder.- 2.1.1.3 Bullets and Cases.- 2.1.2 Shot Shells (Shotgun Cartridges).- 2.2 Sequence of Events During Firing.- 2.2.1 Diagonal Shots, Deviations from the Normal Pattern of Powder Soot Blackening.- 3 Classification of Shot Range Zones.- 3.1 Contact Gunshot (Shot with Muzzle Contact).- 3.1.1 Contact Shot on Naked Skin.- 3.1.1.1 Muzzle Imprint.- 3.1.1.2 Soot in the Bullet's Track.- 3.1.1.3 Powder Particles in the Entrance Hole and the Bullet's Track.- 3.1.1.4 Remarks on the Ranges at Which the Term Contact Shot is Valid.- 3.2 Intermediate Range Gunshot.- 3.3 Distant Gunshot.- 4 Qualitative Detection of the Signs of a Close Range Shot.- 4.1 Detection of Powder Tattooing.- 4.1.1 Diphenylamine-Sulphuric Acid (DS) Reaction.- 4.1.2 Lunges Reagent.- 4.2 Detection of the Soot Element Pb.- 5 Morphological Methods of Shot Range Determination.- 5.1 General Principles.- 5.2 Infrared Photography.- 5.3 Sheet Printing Methods, Chemical.- 5.3.1 Sheet Printing Method After Walker and also Mayer and Wolkart.- 5.3.2 Sheet Printing Method After Leszczinski.- 5.3.3 Sheet Printing Method After Suchenwirth.- 5.4 Sheet Printing Method, Physical (Autoradiography).- 5.5 Determination from Powder Tattooing.- 5.6 Imaging with X-Ray, X-Ray Fluorescence.- 6 The Sampling Test Method for the Quantitative Determination of Shot Range.- 6.1 Initial Remarks and Underlying Principles.- 6.2 Emission Spectrum Analysis (ESA).- 6.2.1 General Comments.- 6.2.2 Choice of Lines for Antimony and Iron.- 6.2.3 Sample Taking.- 6.2.4 Carbon Electrodes, Excitation Conditions.- 6.2.5 Spectrograph.- 6.2.6 Extending the Distance of the Shot Range Determination.- 6.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrography (AAS).- 6.3.1 General Comment.- 6.3.2 Apparatus, Detection Limits.- 6.3.3 Taking the Samples, Preparation for Testing.- 6.3.4 Comments on the Measuring Technique, Producing a Calibration Curve.- 6.4 Neutron Activation Analyses (NAA).- 6.4.4 General Comments and Principle.- 6.4.2 Method, Results.- 6.5 Polarography.- 6.6 Other Methods of Shot Range Determination.- 6.6.1 Range Determination using the Bullet-Wipe Ring.- 6.7 Possible Errors in Shot Range Determination.- 6.7.1 The Vinogradov Phenomenon.- 6.7.2 Back-Scattering Effect.- 6.7.3 "Powder Soot Blackening" from Fragmentation of Bullets ("Ghost Powder Soot Blackening").- 6.7.4 Interference with the Detection of Soot Elements due to Various Physical and Chemical Effects.- 6.7.5 Changes in the Pattern of Powder Soot due to a Muzzle Silencer.- 7 Shot Range Determination for Shotguns.- 7.1 General Remarks.- 7.2 Characteristics of the Barrel, Choke.- 7.3 Shot Patterns-The Diameter of the Shot Pattern as a Function of the Range and Other Parameters.- 7.3.1 Theory.- 7.3.2 Experimentally Determinated Values of ? as a Function of the Shot Range and Other Parameters.- 7.4 Practical Procedures of Shot Range Determination for Shotguns.- 8 References and Further Readings.- 9 Subject Index.

「Nielsen BookData」 より

詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA04404559
• ISBN:
  • 3540129367
  • 3540129375
  • 3540184473
  • 354051841X
  • 354053203X
  • 3540541918
• 出版国コード: gw
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Berlin ; Tokyo
• ページ数/冊数: 6 v.
• 大きさ: 25 cm
• 分類:
  • NLM : W700