The Prostaglandins

Author(s)

• Ramwell, Peter W.

Bibliographic Information

The Prostaglandins

edited by Peter W. Ramwell

Plenum Press, c1973-

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3

Note

Includes bibliographies

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 1 ISBN 9780306377914

Table of Contents

1 Introduction.- 2 Chemistry.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural and Chemical Features of the Prostaglandins.- A. The Prostanoic Acid Skeleton.- B. The Polyfunctional Character of Prostaglandins.- C. Chemical Sensitivity.- D. Stereochemical Considerations.- III. Approaches to Prostanoic Acids.- A. Deoxyprostaglandins.- B. Nonstereospecific Syntheses of Dihydroprostaglandins.- C. Other Approaches.- IV. Total Syntheses of Natural Prostaglandins.- A. Just Bicyclo[3.1.0.]hexane Solvolysis Approach.- B. Corey Cyclization Routes.- C. Corey Bicycloheptene Route.- D. Ciba Methoxime Method.- E. Merck Hydrindanone Approach.- F. PGA and PGB Syntheses.- G. Partial Synthesis from Nonmammalian Natural Sources.- H. Microbiological Methods.- V. Prostaglandin Analogues.- A. Diastereomers.- B. Alkyl-Substituted Analogues.- C. Oxaprostaglandins.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 3 Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Assay of Prostaglandin Synthetase.- A. Conversion to PGB.- B. Oxygen Electrode.- C. Zimmerman Reaction.- D. Radioactive Assay.- III. Cofactor Requirements.- IV. Mechanism of Reaction.- V. Enzyme Purification.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 4 Autonomic Neurotransmission.- I. Introduction.- II. Action on Sympathetic Neuroeffector Transmission.- A. Vascular Tissue.- B. Heart.- C. Spleen.- D. Vas Deferens.- E. Other Smooth Muscle Organs.- F. Adipose Tissue.- G. Concluding Remarks.- III. Action on Parasympathetic Neuroeffector Transmission.- IV. Action on Ganglionic Transmission.- V. Analysis of Prostaglandin Action on Autonomic Neurotransmission.- A. Postjunctional Action on Autonomic Neuroeffector Transmission.- B. Prejunctional Action on Sympathetic Neuroeffector Transmission.- C. Action on Transmitter Release in Other Autonomie Systems.- VI. Prostaglandin-Induced Feedback Control of Sympathetic Neuroeffector Transmission.- VII. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Renal Homeostasis and the Hypertensive State: A Unifying Hypothesis.- I. Introduction.- II. The Antihypertensive Renal Function.- A. The "Protective Role" of the Kidney.- B. Renoprival Hypertension.- C. Lack of Circulating Pressor Agents.- D. Antihypertensive Extracts of Whole Kidneys.- E. Vasodepressor and Antihypertensive Extracts of Renal Medulla.- III. Chemistry of the Renomedullary Prostaglandins.- A. Isolation and Identification.- B. Distribution of the Renal Prostaglandins.- C. Biosynthesis.- D. Metabolism of the Renal Prostaglandins.- IV. Cardiovascular Effects of Prostaglandins in Animals.- A. Vasodepressor and Antihypertensive Effects.- B. Mechanism of Prostaglandin-Induced Hypotension.- V. Renal Effects of Prostaglandins.- A. Renal Hemodynamics.- B. Water and Electrolyte Excretion.- VI. Vasodepressor Effects of Prostaglandins in Normotensive Human Subjects.- VII. Antihypertensive Effects of PGA2 in Human Essential Hypertension.- VIII. Antihypertensive and Natriuretic Effect of PGA1 in Patients with Essential Hypertension.- A. Hemodynamic Effects.- B. Renal Effects.- C. Side-Effects.- D. Mechanism of Natriuretic and Antihypertensive Action.- IX. A Possible Physiological Role of Renomedullary Prostaglandins as Natriuretic and Antihypertensive Hormones.- A. Prostaglandins as a Natriuretic Hormone.- B. Prostaglandins as an Antihypertensive Hormone.- X. A Unifying Hypothesis.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Skin.- I. Introduction.- II. General Features of Normal and Diseased Skin.- III. The Normal Skin.- A. The Epidermis.- B. The Epidermal Appendages.- C. The Dermis.- D. The Subcutaneous Tissue.- IV. Diseases of the Skin.- A. Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions.- B. Allergic Contact Dermatitis.- C. Inflammation Due to Ultraviolet Radiation.- D. Vascular Disorders.- V. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7 Lungs.- I. Introduction.- II. Prostaglandins and Respiratory Smooth Muscle.- III. Prostaglandin A1.- IV. E-Series Prostaglandins.- V. F-Series Prostaglandins.- VI. The Effects of Prostaglandins on Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle.- VII. Respiratory Effects of Prostaglandin E1.- VIII. Prostaglandin Metabolism and the Lungs.- IX. The Role of Prostaglandins in Anaphylaxis and Control of Bronchial Muscle Tone.- X. Prostaglandins, Bronchospasm, and Analgesics.- XI. The Role of Prostaglandins in the Physiology of the Lung.- XII. Conclusion.- References.- 8 Ocular Effects.- I. Introduction.- II. The Presence of Prostaglandins in the Eye.- A. Occurrence in Ocular Tissues.- B. Appearance in Aqueous Humor.- III. Effect of Prostaglandins on Aqueous Humor Dynamics.- A. Response of the Eye to Trauma.- B. Species Variations in the Response to Trauma.- C. Effect of Prostaglandins on Intraocular Pressure.- D. Consensual Effects of Prostaglandins.- IV. Antagonism of the Inflammatory Effects of Prostaglandins on the Eye.- A. Problems in the Treatment of Ocular Inflammation.- B. Involvement of Prostaglandins in the Inflammatory Response.- C. Ocular Actions of Polyphloretin Phosphate.- D. Mechanism of Action of Polyphloretin Phosphate on the Eye.- V. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9 Cardiovascular Actions.- I. Introduction.- II. Structure-Activity Relationship.- A. Carboxyl Side-Chain Variations.- B. Cyclopentane Ring Variations.- C. Alkyl Side-Chain Variations.- III. Vascular Smooth Muscle and Microcirculation.- A. Isolated Arterial and Vein Strips.- B. Microcirculation.- C. Isolated Dog Limb Preparations.- IV. Myocardial Contractility and Cardiodynamics.- A. Isolated Papillary and Ventricular Strip Preparations.- B. Isolated (Langendorff) Hearts.- C. Heart-Lung Preparations.- D. Animals with Intact Circulation.- E. Mode of Action of Prostaglandins on Myocardial Contractility.- V. Heart Rate.- A. Isolated Myocardium and Heart.- B. Animals with Intact Circulation.- VI. Systemic Circulation-Systemic Arterial Pressure, Cardiac Output, and Total Peripheral Resistance.- A. PGE1.- B. PGE2 and PGE3.- C. PGA1 and PGA2.- D. 19-Hydroxy-PGA1, 19-Hydroxy-PGB1, Dihydro-PGE1, 15-Keto-PGE1, 15R-PGA2, and 15R-PGE1.- E. Hemodynamic Mechanisms Responsible for the Circulatory Actions of PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGA2.- F. PGF1? and PGF2?.- VII. Systemic Venous Return.- VIII. Pulmonary Circulation.- IX. Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Metabolism.- A. Isolated (Langendorff) Hearts.- B. Heart-Lung Preparations.- C. Animals with Intact Circulation.- X. Splanchnic, Hepatic, and Portal Circulations.- XI. Splenic Circulation.- XII. Gastric Circulation.- XIII. Renal Circulation.- XIV. Carotid and Cerebral Circulations.- XV. Ovarian, Uterine, and Placental Circulations.- XVI. Extremity Circulation.- A. PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, and PGA2.- B. PGF2?.- XVII. Skin Circulation.- XVIII. Nasal Circulation.- XIX. Interaction Between Prostaglandins and Catecholamines or Other Vasoactive Agents.- A. Isolated Arterial Strips.- B. Isolated (Langendorff) Hearts.- C. Isolated Limb Circulation and Microcirculation.- D. Animals with Intact Circulation.- XX. Prostaglandin Inhibitors.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 10 Lipid Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Lipid Mobilization and Metabolism.- A. Prostaglandins in Adipose Tissue.- B. Interaction with Hormones and Cyclic Nucleotides.- C. Mechanism of Action.- D. In vivo Effects on Plasma Lipids.- III. Diets and Prostaglandins.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- 11 The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Endocrine System.- I. Hypothalamus and Pituitary.- A. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Corticotropin (ACTH).- B. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)- Thyrotropin (TSH).- C. Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH)-Luteinizing Hormone (LH).- D. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)-Growth Hormone (GH).- E. Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone (PIH)-Prolactin.- II. Endocrine Glands.- A. Adrenal Gland.- B. Thyroid Gland.- C. Ovary.- D. Testis.- III. Summary.- References.- 12 Gonadal Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Ovary.- A. Gonadotropin-like Activities.- B. Luteolytic Effect.- C. Prostaglandins and Pregnancy Termination.- III. Testis.- IV. Summary.- References.- 13 Clinical Use of Prostaglandins in Reproduction.- I. Introduction.- II. Induction of Labor.- A. Laboratory Studies.- III. Induction of Abortion.- A. Laboratory Studies.- IV. Summary.- References.

Volume

v. 2 ISBN 9780306377921

Description

There is much evidence to suggest that prostaglandins may have a physiological role to play in the control of thyroid gland metabolism, although the precise nature of this role remains to be defined. Prostaglandins have been found in normal thyroid tissue, and there is evidence of increased levels in some, but not all, cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. which may account for the associated diarrhea. Exogenous prostaglandins, like TSH, bind to thyroid plasma mem- branes, stimulate the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, thyroid hormone secretion, iodide organification, colloid droplet formation, glucose oxidation, and 32p incorporation into phospholipids. Prosta- glandins of the E series are the most potent, although their maximal effects are generally less than the maximal effects of TSH. The interrelationships existing between TSH and prostaglandins have been the subject of intensive investigation, but as yet no one uni- fying concept has emerged. TSH and prostaglandins have been shown to occupy different receptors on the thyroid plasma membrane. Al- though TSH can increase intracellular prostaglandin levels, probably as a result of increased synthesis, prostaglandins do not appear to be essential intermediates in TSH action on adenylate cyclase. The pos- sibility that prostaglandins are part of a negative feedback system con- trolling TSH action is, as yet, a tentative hypothesis, and further work will be required to unravel the interrelationships between these sub- stances that now appear to be far more complex than has been envisaged thus far.

Table of Contents

1 Aspirin and Prostaglandins.- I. Introduction.- II. Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthetase from Different Species and Tissues by Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Agents.- A. Absolute Potencies.- B. Relative Potencies.- III. Relationship between Potency of Aspirin-Like Drugs Against Prostaglandin Synthetases In Vitro and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.- A. Variations in Potency.- B. Drug Concentrations in Plasma.- IV. Contribution of Prostaglandins to the Inflammatory Process.- A. Prostaglandin Release.- B. Release of Chemical Mediators.- C. Possible Control Mechanisms for Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and Release.- D. Inflammatory Effects of Prostaglandins.- V. Relationship between In Vivo Inhibition of Prostaglandin Generation and Therapeutic Effects of Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.- VI. Side-Effects of Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Agents.- VII. Use of Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as a Test for the Involvement of Prostaglandins in Some Biological Systems.- A. Intestinal Smooth Muscle Tone.- B. Contractions of the Uterus.- C. Contribution of Prostaglandins to Ovary Function.- D. Control of Lipolysis.- E. Control of Release of the Sympathetic Mediator.- F. Local Regulation of Blood Flow.- VIII. Conclusions.- IX. References.- 2 The Thyroid Gland.- I. Introduction.- II. Occurrence and Synthesis of Prostaglandins in the Thyroid.- A. Normal Thyroid.- B. Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid.- C. Prostaglandin Synthesis in the Thyroid.- III. Effects of Prostaglandins on Thyroid Gland Metabolism.- A. The Adenylate Cyclase-Cyclic AMP System.- B. Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Secretion.- C. Glucose Oxidation.- D. 32P Incorporation into Phospholipid.- E. Conclusions.- IV. Interrelationships of Prostaglandins and TSH.- A. Prostaglandin Analogues.- B. Combined Actions of Prostaglandins and TSH.- C. Dissociation of TSH and Prostaglandin Effects.- D. Conclusions.- V. Summary.- VI. References.- 3 The Mature Erythrocyte.- I. Introduction.- II. Prostaglandins in the Erythrocyte.- A. Synthesis and Release.- B. Metabolism and Inactivation.- C. Binding.- D. Uptake and Distribution.- III. Action on the Mechanical Properties of the Red Cell.- A. Deformability.- B. Hemolysis.- IV. Effects on Obligatory Cation Exchange.- A. Monovalent Cations.- B. Divalent Cations.- V. Metabolic Effects of Prostaglandins.- A. ATP and A TP-Regulating Enzymes.- B. Cyclic AMP.- VI. Effects on Hemoglobin.- VII. Implications in the Pathological State.- VIII. Prostaglandin Antagonists.- IX. Use of Prostaglandins in Preparation and Storage of Plasma Concentrates.- XI. Conclusions.- XI. References.- 4 Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase.- I. Introduction.- II. Metabolic Deactivation.- III. PGDH Distribution.- IV. Enzyme Purification.- A. Requirements.- B. Methods.- C. Assays for PGDH Activity.- V. Some Properties of the Purified PGDH.- A. Purity.- B. Stability.- C. Molecular Weight.- D. pH.- E. Coenzyme.- F. Substrate Activity.- VI. Characteristics of Binding to PGDH.- A. The PG Site.- B. Comparison with Receptors for the Biological Actions of PGs.- C. The DPN+ Site.- VII. Reversibility of PGD.- VIII. Other Regulatory Factors.- IX. Enzymatic Assay of PGs.- X. Summary.- XI. References.- 5 Behavioral Effects.- I. Introduction.- II. Role of Prostaglandins in Brain Function.- III. Role of Prostaglandins in Neurotransmission.- IV. Metabolism of Prostaglandins in Brain.- V. Effects of Prostaglandins on Behavior.- VI. Effects of Prostaglandins on Body Temperature.- VII. Summary and Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 6 Embryonic and Fetal Development.- I. Introduction.- II. Action on the Early Conceptus.- A. Laboratory Animals.- B. Human Studies.- III. Teratogenicity Studies.- A. Teratogenic Influences.- B. Mammalian Species.- C. Chick Development.- D. Congenital Anomalies.- IV. Fetal Effects in Humans.- V. Prostaglandin-Progesterone Effects.- VI. Prostalandin-Synthetase Inhibitors.- VII. Prostaglandins and the Placenta.- A. Functional.- B. Morphological.- VIII. Conclusions.- IX. References.- 7 Search for Common Mechanisms Underlying the Various Effects of Putative Inflammatory Mediators.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical Background.- III. Actions of and Interactions Between Potential Mediators and Drugs.- A. Introduction.- B. Rat Paw Edema: Mechanisms of Induction and Inhibition and Hypothesized Role of Phospholipase A2.- C. Edema and Vascular Permeability Increase by Venoms.- D. Ultraviolet Erythema in Guinea Pigs and Lipoperoxidation during Inflammation.- E. Direct and Indirect Effects of Bradykinin.- F. Effects of Adenosine Nucleotides.- G. Effects of Arachidonic Acid and of Slow-Reacting Substance C.- H. Pharmacological Properties of a Few Substances Known to Induce Inflammation.- IV. Evidence from Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Isolated Cell Systems.- A. Erythrocytes.- B. Mast Cells.- C. Platelets.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- VI. References.- 8 Immunology.- I. Introduction.- II. IgE-Mediated Release of Histamine and Other Mediators.- III. Lymphocyte Cytolytic Activity.- IV. The Humoral Antibody Response.- V. Neutrophil and Macrophage Function.- VI. Lymphocyte Proliferation.- VII. Speculation on Prostaglandins and the Immune Response.- VIII. References.- IX Site-Directed Mutagenesis.- Appendix A UV Spectral Characteristics and Acidic Dissociation Constants of Modified Bases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides.- Appendix B Acid, Neutral, and Basic Spectra of Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and 55 Modified Derivatives.

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Details

• NCID: BA04947962
• ISBN:
  • 0306377918
  • 0306377926
  • 0306377934
• LCCN: 72076858
• Country Code: us
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York
• Pages/Volumes: v.
• Size: 26 cm
• Classification:
  • NLM : QU90
• Subject Headings:
  • MESH : Prostaglandins