CiNii 図書 - Behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency : a handbook of application, research, and concepts

The systematic application of behavioral psychology to crime and delinquency was begun only 20 years ago, yet it has already contributed significantly to our practical knowledge about prevention and correction and to our general under- standing of a pressing social problem. In this handbook, we review and evalu- ate what has been accomplished to date, as well as what is currently at the leading edge of the field. We do so in order to present a clear, comprehensive, and systematic view of the field and to promote and encourage still more effective action and social policy reform in the future. The chapters in this text have been written by professionals who were among the original innovators in applying behavioral psychology to crime and delinquency and who continue to make critical contributions to the field's progress, and by a new generation of energetic, young professionals who are taking the field in important and innovative directions. The contributors have attempted to review and evaluate their areas with critical dispassion, to pro- vide thorough but not overly specialized discussion of their material, and to draw implications for how research, application, and social policy might be improved in the future. For our part as editors, we have tried to foster integra- tion across the chapters and to provide background and conceptual material of our own.

I. Introduction.- 1. Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency.- Criminal and Delinquent Behavior.- Predatory Crime and This Text.- The Correlates of Crime and This Text.- Behavioral Approaches in General.- Assumptions and Principles.- Behavioral Procedures.- Preliminary Observations on Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency.- Behavioral Interventions: Limitations and Merit.- Reinforcing and Humane Relationships.- Misconceptions and Conceptions.- Individualized Treatment.- Social Systems.- An Overview of the Parts and Chapters.- I: Introduction.- II: Behavioral Applications in Adult and Juvenile Corrections.- III: Prevention and Intervention in Community Settings.- IV: Special Topics in Intervention and Evaluation.- V: Alternative Theoretical Conceptualizations.- VI: Professional Issues in Behavioral Applications.- Concluding Comments.- References.- 2. The Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis for Crime and Delinquency.- The Applied Dimension.- Social Validity.- Levels of Behavior Analysis.- The Behavioral Dimension.- Behavioral Assessment: Validity.- Behavioral Assessment: Measurement Reliability.- The Technological Dimension.- The Analytic Dimension.- Research Designs.- Analytic Criteria.- The Effectiveness Dimension.- The Social Importance of Behavioral Effects.- The Generality Dimension.- Reactive Strategies.- Proactive Strategies.- The Conceptual System Dimension.- Replication and Dissemination.- Conclusion: A Systems Perspective.- References.- 3. An Introduction to Contemporary Behaviorism: History, Concepts, and a System of Analysis.- A Matter of Terminology.- Historical and Philosophical Background.- Classical Greek Philosophy.- Modern Philosophy.- Psychological Science.- Darwin, Natural Selection, and Animal Behavior.- Classical Behaviorism and Beyond.- Conclusion.- A Conceptual System of Analysis.- The Person.- The Environment.- The Historical Context.- The Current Context.- Concluding Comments.- References.- II. Behavioral Applications in Adult and Juvenile Corrections.- 4. Probation and Parole.- Historical Precedents.- History of Probation.- History of Parole.- Effectiveness and Current Status of Probation and Parole.- Probation.- Parole.- Behavioral Approaches to Probation and Parole.- Probation.- Parole.- Methodological Issues.- Evaluation of Separate Treatment Components.- Development of Multimethod Outcome Measurement.- Increased Attention to Generalization and Maintenance.- Expansion of Targets.- Future Developments.- References.- 5. Behaviorally Based Group Homes for Juvenile Offenders.- Group Homes for Delinquents.- Teaching-Family Group Homes.- Conceptualization Underlying the Treatment Model.- Basic Organization and Staffing.- Treatment Procedures.- Staff-Training and Quality-Control Procedures.- Dissemination and the National Association.- Outcome Evaluations.- Conclusion.- References.- 6. Basic Behavioral Procedures in Closed Institutions.- Analysis of Naturally Occurring Contingencies.- Comments.- Positive Reinforcement Procedures.- Comments.- Negative Reinforcement Procedures.- Comments.- Punishment Procedures.- Comments.- Time-Out and Response Cost Procedures.- Time-Out.- Response Cost.- Comments.- Extinction, Differential Reinforcement, and Generalization Training.- Extinction.- Differential Reinforcement.- Generalization Training.- Comments.- Social Skills Training.- Comments.- Discussion.- Selecting Goals for Institutional Programs.- Undesirable Side Effects of Behavioral Procedures.- References.- 7. Token Economy Programs in Closed Institutions.- Token Economies with Juvenile Delinquents.- Token Economies with Adult Offenders.- Inmate Receptivity to Token Economies.- Outcome Studies.- Comments.- Discussion.- Barriers to the Operation of Behavioral Programs.- Acceptability of Behavioral Programs.- References.- III. Prevention and Intervention in Community Settings.- 8. Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention.- Police Crime Prevention and Behavior Analysis.- Police Patrol and Crime Prevention.- Police Investigation, Apprehension, and Prosecution.- Citizen Crime Prevention Programs.- Overview of Major CCP Programs.- Behavioral Community Psychology and Citizen Crime Prevention.- Summary.- References.- 9. Diversion and Neighborhood Delinquency Programs in Open Settings: A Social Network Interpretation.- Diversion.- Neighborhood Intervention.- Activities in High-Delinquency Areas.- Services to Referred Youths.- A Social Network Interpretation.- Results of Diversion and Neighborhood Programs.- Association between Delinquency and Contact with Delinquent Peers.- Implications.- Summary.- References.- 10. Family-Based Interventions for Crime and Delinquency.- Descriptive Overview of the Family System.- Juvenile Delinquency: Intervention and Prevention.- Focused Approaches to Treatment of Specific Problems.- Broad-Band Approaches Targeting the Delinquent's Family.- Crimes of Abuse and Neglect within the Family.- Spouse Abuse.- Child Abuse.- Neglect.- Sexual Abuse of Children.- Ecological or Integrative/Combined Approaches.- References.- 11. School Programs for Delinquency Prevention and Intervention.- The Relationship between School and Delinquency.- History of Special Education Services.- Special Education at the Secondary-School Level.- Traditional School Approaches for Behaviorally Disordered Youth.- Early Behavioral Interventions in the School Setting.- Behavioral Interventions for School-Related Problems of Delinquents.- Current Behavioral School-Related Trends with Delinquents.- Delinquency: A Behavioral Perspective.- School-Based Delinquency Prevention/Intervention Programs.- Stemmers Run Junior High.- Preparation through Responsive Educational Programs.- Family and School Consultation Project.- Preventive Intervention.- Environmental Intervention.- Summary.- Conclusions.- References.- IV. Special Topics in Intervention and Evaluation.- 12. Criminal Justice Interventions with Drug and Alcohol Abusers: The Role of Compulsory Treatment.- Substance Abuse and Crime.- Behavioral Overview of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.- Substance Abuse and Crime Associations.- Criminal Justice Interventions.- Supply Restriction.- Incarceration.- Community Supervision.- Compulsory Drug Abuse Treatment.- Community Supervision versus Compulsory Treatment.- Compulsory Alcoholism Treatment.- Factors Influencing Treatment Outcomes.- Treatment Efficacy.- Client Characteristics.- Contingencies Maintaining Participation.- Concurrent Legal Sanctions.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 13. The Behavioral Treatment of Rapists and Child Molesters.- The Setting.- Historical Development.- The Program.- Laboratory Assessment of Sexual Arousal.- Problem Identification.- Heterosocial Skills Training.- Sex Education Program.- Modification of Inappropriate Arousal.- Problems.- Conclusions.- References.- 14. Some Behavioral Applications with Juvenile Offenders outside North America.- Applications of the Behavioral Model in the United Kingdom.- Gilbey House.- Unit 1, Orchard Lodge.- Other Institutional Programs in the United Kingdom.- Applications in the Community in the United Kingdom.- Social Skills Training with Delinquents in the United Kingdom.- Other European Programs.- Initiatives Worldwide.- General Discussion.- References.- 15. Behavioral Approaches with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Long-Term Treatment Efficacy.- Historical Context.- Theoretical Context.- Microlevel Variables.- Macrolevel Variables.- The Advent of Behavioral Approaches to Juvenile Delinquency.- Status of Behavioral Approaches: The Need for a Meta-Analysis.- Highlights of the Review.- Domains Covered.- Coding Methods for the Meta-Analysis.- Results of the Meta-Analysis.- Descriptive Findings.- Effectiveness Results.- Discussion.- References.- 16. Program Evaluation in Crime and Delinquency.- The Language and Conventions of Program Evaluation.- Some Persisting Misconceptions.- Applied Behavior Analysis and Correctional Program Evaluation.- Choice Points in Correctional Program Evaluation.- Conception of the Intervention Program.- The Evaluators and Their Questions.- Evaluation Methods: Design and Measurement Choices.- Dissemination of Correctional Evaluation Results.- Summary.- References.- V. Alternative Theoretical, Conceptualizations.- 17. A Sociological Theory of Crime and Delinquency: Social Learning Theory.- Development and Statement of Social Learning Theory.- Differential Association Theory.- Sociological Social Learning Theory and Criminal Behavior.- Social Learning and Other Theories of Deviance.- Logical and Substantive Adequacy.- Research on Social Learning Variables.- Research Testing Social Learning Theory.- Future Directions.- References.- 18. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Interventions for Crime and Delinquency.- The Convergence of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies.- Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and the Development of Antisocial Behavior.- The Acquisition of Social Behavior.- Social Learning Theory and Aggression.- Locus of Control, an Attributional Theory.- Interventions: Adaptive Personal Mediational Processes, Skill Development, and Cognitions.- Self-Control and Self-Instruction.- Stress Innoculation and Anger Control.- Perspective Taking.- Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills.- Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Intervention Programs.- Conclusions.- References.- 19. Neurobormonal Bases of Varying Tendencies to Learn Delinquent and Criminal Behavior.- Distinguishing Victimful and Victimless Delinquency and Criminality.- Universal Correlates of Delinquency and Criminality.- Universal Demographic Correlates.- Universal Personality-Behavioral Correlates.- Neurologically Specific Explanations of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior.- Arousal Theory.- Seizuring Theory.- Hemispheric Functioning Theory.- Subsuming the Three Theories under a Neuroandrogenic Theory.- Reconsidering the Universal Correlates of Delinquency and Criminality.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VI. Professional Issues in Behavioral Applications.- 20. Psychologists in Adult Correctional Institutions: Getting Off the Treadmill.- The Basis For Psychological Intervention in Corrections.- The Institutional Environment.- Work Settings.- Legal Issues.- Roles and Functions.- Psychological Applications: Direct and Indirect.- Assessment and Classification.- Treatment.- Staff Training.- Conclusion.- References.- 21. Legal and Ethical Issues in the Behavioral Treatment of Juvenile and Adult Offenders.- Ethical Issues.- Balancing the Enforcement of Legal Conduct and the Protection of Offender Rights.- Providing Information and Obtaining Consent.- Confidentiality, Privacy, and Privileged Communications.- Exceptions to Confidential and Privileged Communications.- Ethical Issues in Conducting Research with Offenders.- Legal Issues.- Placement.- Providing Appropriate Treatment.- Basic Rights.- Motivational Systems.- Employing Aversive Techniques.- Right to Refuse Treatment.- Involuntary Servitude.- Search and Seizure.- Providing Adequate Supervision and Trained Staff.- Releasing Appropriately.- Duty to Warn Third Parties.- Protective Mechanisms: Human Rights and Review Committees.- Conclusion.- References.- 22. Social and Political Challenges to Behavioral Programs with Delinquents and Criminals.- Therapeutic versus Social/Political Contingencies.- The Training School Contingency.- The Diversion Contingency.- The Intensive Supervision Contingency.- The Funding Contingency.- Barriers to the Modification of Social/Political Contingencies and Recommendations for Change.- Conclusion.- References.- Author Index.

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