Carabid beetles in their environments : a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour

著者

• Thiele, Hans Ulrich

書誌事項

Carabid beetles in their environments : a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour

Hans-Ulrich Thiele

（Zoophysiology and ecology, v. 10）

Springer-Verlag, 1977

• : us
• : gw

注記

Bibliography: p. 331-352

Includes indexes

内容説明・目次

内容説明

With the increasing numbers of research workers and groups of investigators devoting themselves to the ecology of carabids I felt that the time had come to take stock of the existing knowledge in this field and to endeavour to weld my personal results and those of other workers into a comprehensive picture. It was with these aims in mind that the following study was conceived. A further goal was to attempt to show to what extent research on carabids can contribute to the larger fields of research encompassing ecology, ethology and evolution. In my opinion the investigations on carabids permit us to draw conclusions of general applicability and, as such, comparable with those made in recent years upon other groups of animals. I am well aware of the risk involved nowadays in attempting, on one's own, to integrate results from a wide variety of scientific disciplines into a meaningful whole, and for this reason I am always grateful for corrections and for additional information. It is impossible for me to mention by name all of the col- leagues who have given me their support in the preparation of the book. Reprints of their publications have been placed at my disposal by almost all of the authors cited, as well as by others whose names and works have been omitted merely in order to prevent the book from taking on encyclopedic pro- portions. I am nevertheless indebted to them all for their cooperation.

目次

1 Variations in the Body Structure of Carabids in Adaptation to Environment and Mode of Life.- A. Macromorphological Variations.- B. Micromorphological Variations.- 2 Quantitative Investigations on the Distribution of Carabids.- A. Methods.- B. The Carabid Fauna of Forests.- C. The Distribution of Carabids in Open Country.- I. The Carabids of Cultivated Land.- 1. The Carabid Fauna of Arable Areas.- 2. Carabid Fauna and Crop Plants.- 3. The Influence of the Preceding Crop on the Carabid Population.- 4. The Carabid Fauna of Permanent Forms of Cultivated Land.- 5. The Influence of Soil Type on the Carabid Fauna of Agricultural Land.- 6. Concerning the Origin of the Carabid Fauna of Cultivated Land.- II. The Carabid Fauna of Heaths and Sandy Areas.- III. The Carabid Fauna of Moors.- IV. Carabids of the Litoraea Zones (Coastal and Shore Habitats).- Carabids of the Salt Marshes: a Biological Land-Sea Boundary.- V. Carabids of the Steppes, Dry Grasslands and Savannas.- D. General Remarks Concerning the Distribution and Structure of Carabid Communities in Different Habitats.- 3 The Connections Between Carabids and Biotic Factors in the Ecosystem.- A. Inter- and Intraspecific Competition.- I. Interspecific Competition.- II. Mutual Predation.- III. Intraspecific Competition 65 Experiments on Intraspecific Competition (Interference).- IV. The Theory of Regulation of Population Density by Competition and Other Biotic Factors.- B. Positive Intraspecific Relationships.- I. Aggregation.- II. The Mechanism Underlying Social Behaviour: Pheromones.- III. The Significance of Aggregation.- IV. Care and Provision for the Brood and Its Ecological Significance.- C. Parasites of the Carabids.- I. A Survey of Parasites Found in Carabids Arranged Systematically.- II. The Role of Parasites in Distribution of Carabids and in the Regulation of Their Population Density.- D. The Predators of Carabids.- I. A Survey of the Most Common Species Preying on Carabids.- 1. Insectivores: Hedgehogs and Shrews.- 2. Insectivores: The Mole (Talpa europaea).- 3. Bats.- 4. Rodents-Mice.- 5. Birds.- 6. Birds of Prey and Owls.- 7. Frogs and Toads.- 8. Ants (Formicidae).- 9. Predacious Flies-Asilidae.- 10. Araneae (Spiders).- II. What Part is Played by Predators in Regulating the Distribution and Population Density of Carabids?.- E. Defence Mechanisms of Carabids.- I. Mimicry in Carabids.- II. The Biochemical Defence Weapons of Carabids.- The "Explosive Chemistry"1 Variations in the Body Structure of Carabids in Adaptation to Environment and Mode of Life.- A. Macromorphological Variations.- B. Micromorphological Variations.- 2 Quantitative Investigations on the Distribution of Carabids.- A. Methods.- B. The Carabid Fauna of Forests.- C. The Distribution of Carabids in Open Country.- I. The Carabids of Cultivated Land.- 1. The Carabid Fauna of Arable Areas.- 2. Carabid Fauna and Crop Plants.- 3. The Influence of the Preceding Crop on the Carabid Population.- 4. The Carabid Fauna of Permanent Forms of Cultivated Land.- 5. The Influence of Soil Type on the Carabid Fauna of Agricultural Land.- 6. Concerning the Origin of the Carabid Fauna of Cultivated Land.- II. The Carabid Fauna of Heaths and Sandy Areas.- III. The Carabid Fauna of Moors.- IV. Carabids of the Litoraea Zones (Coastal and Shore Habitats).- Carabids of the Salt Marshes: a Biological Land-Sea Boundary.- V. Carabids of the Steppes, Dry Grasslands and Savannas.- D. General Remarks Concerning the Distribution and Structure of Carabid Communities in Different Habitats.- 3 The Connections Between Carabids and Biotic Factors in the Ecosystem.- A. Inter- and Intraspecific Competition.- I. Interspecific Competition.- II. Mutual Predation.- III. Intraspecific Competition 65 Experiments on Intraspecific Competition (Interference).- IV. The Theory of Regulation of Population Density by Competition and Other Biotic Factors.- B. Positive Intraspecific Relationships.- I. Aggregation.- II. The Mechanism Underlying Social Behaviour: Pheromones.- III. The Significance of Aggregation.- IV. Care and Provision for the Brood and Its Ecological Significance.- C. Parasites of the Carabids.- I. A Survey of Parasites Found in Carabids Arranged Systematically.- II. The Role of Parasites in Distribution of Carabids and in the Regulation of Their Population Density.- D. The Predators of Carabids.- I. A Survey of the Most Common Species Preying on Carabids.- 1. Insectivores: Hedgehogs and Shrews.- 2. Insectivores: The Mole (Talpa europaea).- 3. Bats.- 4. Rodents-Mice.- 5. Birds.- 6. Birds of Prey and Owls.- 7. Frogs and Toads.- 8. Ants (Formicidae).- 9. Predacious Flies-Asilidae.- 10. Araneae (Spiders).- II. What Part is Played by Predators in Regulating the Distribution and Population Density of Carabids?.- E. Defence Mechanisms of Carabids.- I. Mimicry in Carabids.- II. The Biochemical Defence Weapons of Carabids.- The "Explosive Chemistry" of the Bombardier Beetles.- III. Sound Production by Carabids.- F. Nutrition of Carabids.- I. Laboratory Observations on Choice of Food.- II. Nutrition in the Field, as Revealed by Analyses of the Contents of the Digestive Tract.- III. Oligophagous Predators.- 1. Cychrus.- 2. Notiophilus.- 3. Calosoma.- 4. Dyschirius.- 5. Nebria complanata.- 6. Consumption of Insect Eggs by Carabids.- IV. Quantities of Food Consumed by Adult Carabids.- V. How do Carabids Recognize Their Prey? An Analysis of the Releasing Stimuli.- VI. Phytophagous Carabids.- VII. The Nutrition of Carabid Larvae.- Quantities of Food Consumed by Carabid Larvae.- The Prey-Capture Behaviour of Carabid Larvae.- VIII. Parasitic Carabids.- IX. Concluding Remarks on Carabid Nutrition.- G. Parameters in Reproduction and Development Which are of Importance for the Biology of Populations.- I. Fecundity.- II. Life Span.- H. The Importance of Carabids for Production in Ecosystems.- 4 Man and the Ground Beetles.- A. The Importance of Ground Beetles to Man.- I. Ground Beetles as Entomophages and Potential Benefactors.- 1. Experiments on Pest Destruction Using Ground Beetles.- 2. The Influence of Ground Beetles on the Invertebrate Fauna of Cultivated Ecosystems.- 3. Do Ground Beetles from Hedges, Groups of Trees and Wind-Breaks Influence the Pest Fauna of Adjacent Cultivated Areas?.- 4. Can the Ground Beetles be Used in Biological Pest Control?.- II. Damage Done by Ground Beetles.- 1. Ground Beetles as Crop Pests.- 2. Ground Beetles as Conveyors (Vectors) of Disease.- B. The Influence of Man on Ground Beetles.- I. The Influence of the Methods of Husbandry Employed on Cultivated Land.- 1. Methods of Cultivation on Agricultural Land.- 2. Methods of Cultivation in Forests.- II. The Effect of Insecticides on Carabids.- 1. Laboratory Experiments.- 2. Influence of Insecticides on Carabids in the Field.- III. The Effect of Herbicides on Carabids.- IV. The Influence of Industrial and Traffic Exhaust Gases on Carabids.- V. Carabids in the City.- VI. Carabids as Bioindicators of Anthropogenic Influences: Future Possibilities.- 5 The Differences in Distribution of Carabids in the Environment: Reactions to Abiotic Factors and Their Significance in Habitat Affinity.- A. Climatic Factors.- I. Temperature and Orientation in the Environment.- 1. Experimental Method.- 2. Preferred Temperature and Habitat Affinity.- 3. The Physiological Basis of Thermotaxis.- 4. Cold Resistance.- 5. Heat Resistance.- 6. The Influence of Temperature on the Developmental Stages.- II. Humidity and Orientation in the Environment.- 1. Experimental Method.- 2. Preferred Humidity and Habitat Affinity.- 3. The Physiological Basis of Moisture Preference.- 4. Resistance to Desiccation.- III. Light and Orientation in the Environment.- 1. Experimental Method.- 2. Preferred Light Intensity and Habitat Affinity.- 3. Orientation Using Silhouettes on the Horizon.- 4. The Role of Form Perception in the Search for Living Quarters.- 5. Astronomical Orientation.- IV. A Survey of the Microclimatic Requirements of Carabids from Different Habitats.- B. Chemical Factors.- I. pH Value of the Soil.- II. The Sodium Chloride Content of the Soil.- III. The Calcium Content of the Soil.- C. Distribution of Carabids and Environmental Structure.- I. The Substrate.- II. Environmental Resistance.- III. The Sense of Gravity.- D. The Behaviour of Carabids to Water and Their Resistance to Inundation.- I. Carabids Hunting in Water.- II. The Resistance of Carabids to Inundation.- III. Carabids of the Tidal Zone of Rocky Coasts.- IV. Swimming Carabids.- 6 Ecological Aspects of Activity Patterns in Carabids.- A. Daily Rhythmicity in Carabids.- I. The Control of Daily Rhythmicity by Endogenous Factors.- II. The Role of Exogenous Factors as Zeitgebers.- III. The Importance of Daily Rhythmicity in Habitat-Binding.- IV. Does Moulting in Carabids Exhibit a Daily Rhythmicity?.- B. Annual Rhythms in Activity, Reproduction, and Development.- I. Types of Annual Rhythms in Carabids.- II. The Adaptation of the Activity and Reproduction Rhythms to the Annual Cycle of Environmental Factors.- III. The Regulation of Annual Rhythms by External Factors.- 1. Spring Breeders With no Larval Dormancy but Obligatory Dormancy in the Adults (Parapause) Mainly Governed by Photo-period.- 2. Spring Breeders With no Larval Dormancy but a Facultative Dormancy in the Adults Governed by Photoperiod (Photoperiodic Quiescence).- 3. Autumn Breeders With a Thermic Hibernation Parapause at the Larval Stage and no Dormancy in the Course of Adult Development.- 4. Autumn Breeders With a Thermic Hibernation Parapause in the Larvae and a Photo-periodic Aestivation Parapause in the Adults.- 5. Species With Unstable Conditions of Hibernation and Potentially Lacking Dormancy.- 6. Species Requiring Two Years to Develop.- 7. Summary of Results Concerning the Control of Annual Rhythms by External Factors.- IV. The Hormonal Regulation of Annual Rhythmicity.- V. Time Measurement in Photoperiodism of Carabids.- VI. The Behaviour of Carabids in Winter.- 7 Choice of Habitat: The Influence of Connections Between Demands Upon Environmental Factors and Activity Rhythms.- 8 Dispersal and Dispersal Power of Carabid Beetles.- A. Speed of Locomotion of Carabids.- B. Concerning the Flight of Carabids.- C. Anemohydrochoric Dispersal.- D. The Role of Aerial Dispersal in the Post-Glacial Expansion of Carabids.- E. Contemporary Processes Involved in the Expansion of Carabids to Land Freshly Available for Colonization.- F. The Adaptive Significance of Dispersal Processes.- 9 Ecological Aspects of the Evolution of Carabids.- A. Geological Age of the Adephaga and Carabids: Fossil Evidence.- B. Centres of Development and the Routes of Dispersal of Carabids.- C. The Fossil History of Carabids in the Central European Pleistocene.- D. The Evolution of Carabids on Oceanic Islands.- E. Possible Clues as to the Evolution of Carabids from Studies on Behaviour and Parasitism.- F. Concluding Remarks Concerning the Evolution of the Carabids.- G. Digression: Studies on Genetics and Population Genetics of Carabids.- 10 Concerning the Reasons Underlying Species Profusion Manifest by the Carabids.- A. Powers of Dispersal and Speciation.- B. The Ecological Niche of the Carabids.- C. Potential Competitors for the Carabid Niche.- I. Insects.- II. Spiders-the Lycosidae Family.- III. Chilopods.- IV. Opiliones.- D. Differentiation of the Physiology and Behaviour of the Carabids.- 1. Differences in the Daily Time of Activity.- 2. Differences in Activity Season.- 3. Physiological Adaptations to Abiotic Factors.- E. Physiological Differentiation in Carabids Compared With Other Animal Groups.- 11 Summary.- References.- Systematic Index of Cited Families, Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera.- Species Index.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA06928073
• ISBN:
  • 0387083065
  • 3540083065
• LCCN: 77009924
• 出版国コード: gw
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Berlin ; New York
• ページ数/冊数: xvii, 369 p.
• 大きさ: 25 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : QL596.C2
  • DC : 595.7/62
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Carabidae -- Ecology
  • LCSH : Habitat selection
  • LCSH : Adaptation (Physiology)
  • LCSH : Insects -- Ecology
• 親書誌ID:
  • BA06928120