Morphologie, Epidemiologie, Immunologie Morphology, Epidemiology, Immunology
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Morphologie, Epidemiologie, Immunologie = Morphology, Epidemiology, Immunology
（Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, Bd. 6,
Springer-Verlag, 1974
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Includes bibliographies and index
Description and Table of Contents
Description
Bald nach Erscheinen des Bandes "Geschwulste" "Geschwiilste" 1956 1956 wurde wurde deutlich, deutlich, dass daB dies dies nur ein Anfang gewesen sein konnte. Die grundlegenden Beitrage Beitrage dieses Bandes spiegelten den Wissensstand am Beginn des 6. Jahrzehnts wider. Sie waren wahrscheinlich zugleich die letzten echten Handbuchbeitrage Handbuchbeitrage zu diesem Thema: umfassend und enzyklopadisch enzyklopadisch vollstandig vollstandig und trotzdem als Ganzes lesbar, verfasst verfaBt von den damals besten Sachkennern in Deutschland. Inzwischen hat sich das Handbuch der Allgemeinen Pathologie gewandelt. Entsprechend der Weitung des Faches vergrosserten vergroBerten sich die Themen. Neben den Banden Banden tiber uber die die Organe Organe zum zum Hilfsmechanismus Hilfsmechanismus des des Stoffwechsels, Stoffwechsels, tiber uber die die Zelle, Zelle, das das Altern Altern usw. usw. nahm sich der Geschwulstband vergleichsweise bescheiden aus. Das steht im Gegensatz zur Stellung des Geschwulstproblems in der Allgemeinen Pathologie.
Die Krebsforschung erfuhr gerade in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten einen vorher nicht geahnten Aufschwung, so dass daB eine eine enzyklopadische enzyklopadische Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung heute heute den den Umfang Umfang des des gesamten gesamten Handbuches Handbuches einnehmen einnehmen wurde wtirde -- wenn wenn sich sich jemand fande, rande, das das zu zu versuchen. versuchen. Und wenn der letzte Band gedruckt ware, ware, ware ware der erste hoffnungslos veraltet.
Table of Contents
- Contents.- Morphology of Cancer Cells.- I : General Morphology of Cancer Cells.- I. Morphology of Fixed Cancer Cells in Light Microscopy.- 1. The Interphase Nucleus.- a) Nuclear Size - Planimetry.- ?) Benign Cells.- ?) Cancer Cells.- b) Microcytophotometry.- ?) Ultraviolet Light Microcytophotometry.- ?) Visible Light Microcytophotometry.- ?) Fluorescence Cytophotometry.- c) Feulgen Microcytophotometry and Nuclear Size as a Reflection of Cell Karyotype.- ?) Benign Cells.- ?) Malignant Cells.- ?) Diploid or Near Diploid Cancers.- ?) Ploidy in Preinvasive Carcinoma (Carcinoma in Situ).- ?) Nuclear Size and Cell Ploidy.- d) Nuclear Shape.- ?) Changes in the Configuration of the Nuclear Membrane.- ?) Nuclear Protrusions in Cancer Cells.- e) Chromatin Patterns.- f) Heterochromatin.- g) Nuclear Hyperchromasia.- h) The Nuclear-Cytoplasmic (N:C) Ratio.- i) Multinucleation of Cancer Cells.- 2. The Nucleolus in Cancer Cells.- a) Origin of Nucleoli.- b) Number of Nucleoli.- c) Size of Nucleoli.- d) Shape of Nucleoli.- e) Nucleolar Abnormalities in Non-Cancerous Cells.- f) Isolation of Nucleoli.- 3. The Cytoplasm.- a) The Biochemical Bases of Cytoplasmic Function.- b) Morphologic Manifestations of Cytoplasmic Function in Light Microscopy.- c) Morphologic Demonstration of Cytoplasmic RNA and Proteins.- d) Size and Shape of the Cytoplasm.- e) Patterns of Growth of Cancer Cells.- f) Other Properties of the Cytoplasm of Cancer Cells.- g) Ultrastructural Aspects of the Cytoplasm of Cancer Cells.- II. Morphology of Cancer Cell in Vivo in Light Microscopy.- 1. Purpose.- a) Techniques.- b) Special Techniques - Three-Dimensional Systems.- 2. Cell Growth on Hard Surfaces.- a) Contact Inhibition.- b) Growth Potential of Benign and Malignant Cells in Culture.- c) Morphology of Cultured Cancer Cells.- d) Cytoplasmic Bridges.- 3. Ultrastructure of Cell Contacts in Monolayer Cultures.- 4. Transplantability of Cultured Cancer Cells.- 5. Morphologic Events During Malignant Transformation of Cultured Cells.- 6. Loss of Neoplastic Properties by Cultured Malignant Cells.- 7. Hybridization of Cancer Cells in Culture.- 8. Spontaneously Occurring Cancer Cell Cultures.- III. Interrelationship of Cancer Cells.- IV. Cancer Cell Membranes.- V. The Cell Cycle and Cancer.- 1. The Cell Cycle of Benign Cells.- ?) The G1 Phase.- ?) The S Phase.- ?) The G2 Phase.- ?) The D Phase.- a) Non Cycling Cells.- 2. Cell Cycle of Cancer Cells.- a) Cell Cycle of Human Cancer Cells.- VI. Mitosis in Cancer Cells.- 1. Quantitative Abnormalities of Mitosis.- 2. Qualitative Abnormalities of Mitosis.- a) Defects in Movement of Chromosomes.- ?) Non-disjunction.- ?) Chromosomal Lag.- b) Abnormalities of Mitotic Spindle.- c) Abnormalities of Individual Chromosomes.- 3. The Causes of Mitotic Abnormalities in Cancer.- 4. The Role of Centrioles in Abnormal Mitoses.- 5. Mitotic Abnormalities in Cultured Human Cancer Cells.- 6. Presence of Mitoses in Abnormal Location.- VII. Differentiation of Cancer Cells.- 1. Ultrastructural Studies of Cancer Cell Differentiation.- a) Human Cancers.- b) Cell Differentiation in Cultured Cancer Cells.- ?) Epithelial Cancer Cells.- ?) Melanoma.- ?) Other Tumors.- 2. Experimental Approaches to Cancer Cell Differentiation.- 3. Differentiation of Cancer Cells and Patterns of Growth.- II: Application of Cytologic Techniques to the Detection and Diagnosis of Human Cancer.- I. Morphology of Human Cancer Cells.- 1. General Principles.- 2. Recognition of Cancer Cells.- 3. Identification of Types of Cancer.- ?) Keratinizing Epidermoid (Squamous) Carcinomas.- ?) Other Epidermoid Carcinomas.- ?) Adenocarcinomas.- ?) Malignant Lymphomas.- ?) Identification of other Tumors According to Type and Origin.- II. Cytologic Detection of Clinically Occult Cancer and of Precancerous States.- III. The Uterine Cervix.- 1. Cellular and Histologic Changes Observed During Cancerogenesis of the Uterine Cervix.- a) Initial Events.- b) Secondary Events.- ?) Squamous Epithelium.- ?) Endocervical Epithelium.- c) Nomenclature and Biologic Significance of Precancerous Lesions of the Cervix.- 2. Invasive Epidermoid Cancer of the Uterine Cervix.- 3. Adenocarcinoma in Situ of the Uterine Cervix.- IV. Cytologic Findings in Early Cancer of other Organs of the Female Genital Tract.- a) Adenocarcinoma in Situ of the Endometrium.- b) Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma.- c) Tumors of Tubes and Ovaries.- V. The Respiratory Tract.- 1. Cytologic Diagnosis of Early Lung Cancer.- VI. The Lower Urinary Tract.- 1. Non-Papillary Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder.- 2. Cytologic Follow-up of Patients with Treated Neoplasia of the Bladder.- 3. Cytology in the Handling of Patients Exposed to Bladder Carcinogens.- VII. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 1. The Esophagus.- 2. The Stomach.- VIII. Cytologic Detection of Early Carcinomas and Carcinomas in Situ of other Organs.- IX. Other Applications of Diagnostic Cytology.- 1. The Effusions.- 2. Spinal Fluid.- 3. Aspiration Biopsy.- X. Principal Errors in the Cytologic Diagnosis of Human Cancer.- Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapeutic Agents.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Chromosomal Changes in Human Tumors and Leukemias.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical Aspects.- III. Methodologies.- 1. Chromosome Preparation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.- 2. Chromosome Preparation of Bone Marrow Cells.- 3. Chromosome Preparation of Cells from Effusions.- 4. Chromosome Preparation of Cells from Solid Tumors, Lymph Nodes, Spleens, etc.- 5. Autoradiography.- 6. Quinacrine Fluorescence Technique.- 7. Acetic/Alkaline - Giemsa - Banding Techniques.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- IV. The Normal Human Karyotype.- V. The Effects of Noxious Agents on the Human Karyotype.- 1. Effects of X-Rays and other Forms of Irradiation.- 2. Effects of Chemical Agents.- 3. Effects of Viruses.- VI. The Chromosomal Breakage Syndromes.- 1. Fanconi's Anemia.- 2. Bloom's Syndrome.- 3. Louis-Bar's Syndrome (Ataxia Telangiectasia).- VII. Congenital Chromosomal Anomalies and Neoplasia.- 1. Autosomal Anomalies.- a) Down's Syndrome (Mongolism).- b) Other Autosomal Trisomies.- c) Other Autosomal Anomalies.- 2. Sex Chromosome Anomalies.- a) XO Karyotype and its Variations (Gonadal Dysgenesis, Including Turner's Syndrome).- b) XXY and its Variants (Klinefelter's Syndrome).- c) XXX Syndrome.- d) Gonadal Dysgenesis without Chromosomal Changes.- e) XYY Males.- 3. Survey of Cancer Patients for Chromosomal Anomalies.- VIII. Leukemia.- 1. Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and the Philadelphia (Ph1) Chromosome.- a) Definition of the Ph1.- b) Nature of the Ph1.- c) Pathogenetic Aspects of the Ph1 in CML and Related Disorders.- d) Clinical Implications of Chromosomal Findings in CML.- e) Ph1-Positive CML and the Missing Y-Chromosome.- f) Additional Chromosomal Changes in CML.- g) CML in Children.- h) Eosinophilic Leukemia.- i) Basophilic Leukemia.- j) Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) and the Ph1.- k) Muramidase (Lysozyme) and the Ph1.- l) Ph1 in Hematopoietic Disorders other than CML.- m) Chromosomal Findings in the Blastic Phase of CML.- 2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).- 3. Acute Myeloblasts and Lymphoblastic Leukemia.- 4. Erythroleukemia (EL).- IX. Other MyeloproliferativeDisorders(Preleukemic and other Hematologic Conditions).- 1. Polycythemia Vera (PCV).- 2. Refractory Anemia.- 3. Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia with Myelofibrosis and/or Osteomyelosclerosis (MM).- 4. Idiopathic Thrombocythemia.- X. Megaloblastic Anemia.- XI. The Lymphomas.- 1. Hodgkin's Disease.- 2. Burkitt's Lymphoma.- 3. Reticulum-Cell Sarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, and Follicular Lymphoma.- XII. Plasma Cell Dyscrasias.- XIII. Solid Tumors and Metastatic Cancer.- 1. Benign Tumors.- a) Meningiomas.- b) Pituitary Adenomas.- c) Neurinomas.- 2. Other Benign Tumors without Chromosome Anomalies.- 3. Other Benign Tumorous Conditions with Chromosome Anomalies.- 4. Cancer : Primary and Metastatic.- XIV. Significance of Chromosomal Findings in Pre-Neoplastic Lesions with Special Emphasis on those of the Uterine Cervix.- XV. Chromosomes in the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis of Cancer Leukemia.- XVI. Chromosomes and Causation of Cancer and Leukemia.- XVII. Epilog.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Proliferative Properties of Malignant Cell Systems.- I. Proliferative Characteristics of Cell Populations.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Classification of Cells and Cell Populations According to Their Proliferative Behavior.- 3. Proliferative Parameters and Analytical Methods.- II. Malignant Cell Systems.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. The Growth Rate of Malignant Tumors.- 3. Proliferative Parameters of Malignant Tumors.- a) Cell Cycle Parameters.- b) Proliferative Fraction.- c) Degree of Cell Loss.- 4. Malignant Tumors : Compartmentalized Cell Systems ?.- References.- Histological Classification of Tumours.- Some Current Problems in Tumour Classification. Definition and Nomenclature.- Standardization of Classifications.- Annex.- References.- Praecancerose und Carcinoma in situ.- 1. Allgemeine Gesichtspunkte.- 2. Praecancerosen der von Plattenepithel bekleideten Oberflachen.- a) Haut.- b) Vulva.- c) Penis.- 3. Praecancerosen der von Plattenepithel bekleideten Schleimhaute.- a) Portio vaginalis uteri.- b) Vagina.- c) Larynx.- d) Mundhohle.- e) Osophagus.- f) Conjunctiva und Cornea.- 4. Praecancerosen der von Ubergangsepithel bekleideten Schleimhaute.- Harnblasen und Ureteren.- 5. Praecancerosen der von Zylinderepithel bekleideten Schleimhaute.- a) Bronchien.- b) Magen.- c) Darm.- d) Endometrium und Endocervix.- e) Tube.- f) Gallenblase.- 6. Praecancerosen von Drusen.- a) Mamma.- b) Leber.- c) Prostata.- 7. Praecancerosen weiterer Organe.- 8. Schlussfolgerungen..- 9. Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- Geographical Distribution of Malignant Neoplasms and some other Epidemiological Features.- I. Introduction.- II. Sources of Information.- 1. Mortality.- 2. Incidence.- a) Greater Reliability.- b) Greater Detail.- 3. Relative Frequency.- Other Registries.- III. Classification of Neoplasms.- IV. Rates.- 1. Crude Rates.- 2. Age Specific Rates.- 3. Age Standardized Rates.- 4. Minimal Incidence Rates.- 5. Other Examples of Rates.- V. Geographical Distribution of Neoplasms at Individual Sites.- 1. Geographical Distribution of Cancers at all Sites.- 2. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Lip.- 3. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Tongue.- 4. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Naso-Pharynx.- 5. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of the Oesophagus.- 6. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of the Stomach.- 7. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Large Intestine and Rectum.- 8. Geographical Distribution of Liver Cancer.- 9. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Pancreas.- 10. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Lung.- 11. Geographical Distribution of Carcinoma of Breast.- 12. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Uterus.- 13. Geographical Distribution of Chorionepithelioma.- 14. Geographical Distribution of Tumors of Ovary.- 15. Geographical Distribution of Tumors of the Prostate.- 16. Geographical Distribution of Testis Cancer.- 17. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Penis.- 18. Geographical Distribution of Cancer of Skin.- 19. Geographical Distribution of Carcinoma of Thyroid.- 20. Geographical Distribution of Solid Lymphomas.- 21. Geographical Distribution of Leukaemias.- References.- Cancer and Leukemia Developing among Atom-Bomb Survivors.- I. Introduction.- II. The Atom-Bomb Explosions and their Effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.- 1. Outline of the Casualties Caused by Atom-Bomb Explosions.- 2. Human Injuries Resulting from the Atom-Bomb Explosions.- 3. Development and Sequence of Atom-Bomb Injuries.- III. Outline of Hematopoietic Disorders Caused by Atom-Bomb Explosions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Course of Disorders.- 3. Aplasia and Regeneration.- 4. Anemia.- 5. Hemorrhagic Disorders.- IV. Leukemia and Allied Disorders.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Incidence of Leukemia.- a) Development and Progress.- b) Distance from Hypocenter.- c) Type of Leukemia.- d) Sex.- e) Age.- f) Latency Period.- 3. Incidence of Leukemia among "Early Entrants".- 4. The Correlation between Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Leukemogenesis.- 5. Cytogenetic Studies on Atom-Bomb Survivors.- a) Chromosome Aberrations in Peripheral Blood of Physically Normal Survivors.- b) Chromosome Aberrations in Bone Marrow Cells of Physically Normal Survivors.- c) Chromosome Aberrations in Bone Marrow Cells of Leukemia Patients.- ?) Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia.- ?) Acute Leukemia.- 6. Malignant Lymphomas.- 7. Myelofibrosis.- 8. Polycythemia.- 9. Multiple Myeloma.- V. Thyroid Carcinoma.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Incidence of Thyroid Carcinoma among the Atom-Bomb Survivors.- a) General Description.- b) Studies Based on Material from Hiroshima University Hospital.- ?) Incidence.- ?) Distance from Hypocenter.- ?) Type of Thyroid Carcinoma.- ?) Sex.- ?) Age.- ?) Latency Period.- 3. Incidence of Thyroid Carcinoma among "Early Entrants".- 4. Small Thyroid Carcinoma.- 5. Comments.- VI. Other Neoplasias.- 1. Lung.- 2. Stomach.- 3. Breast.- 4. Ovary and Uterus.- 5. Bone.- 6. Skin.- 7. Salivary Glands.- VII. Conclusion.- References.- Histologie der seltenen Geschwulste beim Menschen. Beziehungen zur allgemeinen Pathologie der Geschwulste.- I. Die seltenen Tumoren des Menschen.- A. Das Herz.- B. Die Gefasse.- C. Die Atmungsorgane.- D. Das Mediastinum.- E. Pleura-Mesotheliome.- F. Das hamopoetische System.- G. Der Verdauungstrakt.- H. Die Anhangsdrusen des Verdauungstraktes.- J. Die Harnorgane.- K. Gonaden.- L. Endokrine Tumoren.- M. Der Bewegungsapparat.- N. Haut.- O. Zentralnervensystem.- II. Histologie der seltenen menschlichen Tumoren.- A. Seltene oder durch besondere Strukturen gekennzeichnete mesenchymale Tumoren.- 1. Extraskeletale Bindegewebstumoren.- 2. Skelettgeschwulste.- B. Seltene epitheliale Tumoren.- 1. Wichtigste seltene Tumorformen des Pflasterepithels.- 2. Seltene Tumoren des zylindrischen Epithels.- 3. Seltene Geschwulste der parenchymatosen drusigen Organe.- C. Seltene aus der Neuralleiste hervorgehende Tumoren.- 1. Variationen aus verschiedenen Zellreihen.- 2. Geschwulste der melaninhaltigen Gewebe.- D. Geschwulste der hamopoetischen Gewebe.- III. Histogenese der seltenen Tumoren des Menschen.- A. Zellen und Matrixgewebe.- 1. Persistenz des embryonalen Gewebes.- 2. Die Histogenese der "adulten Tumoren".- B. Geschwulstgewebe und Adaptation.- Literatur.- Immunologische Aspekte des Krebses.- I. Einleitung.- II. Tumorspezifische Transplantationsantigene chemisch induzierter Tumoren.- III. Antigene virusinduzierter Leukamien und Tumoren.- A. Antigene der durch DNS-Viren induzierten Tumoren.- B. Antigene der durch RNS-Viren induzierten Tumoren und Leukamien.- 1. Rous Sarkom-Virus (RSV).- 2. Mammatumor-Virus (MTV oder Bittner Virus).- 3. Antigene von Leukamien der Maus.- a) G (Gross) Antigen.- b) Die FMR-(Friend-Moloney-Rauscher-) Antigene.- c) ML-(Mamma-Leukamie-) Antigen.- d) E-Antigen.- e) TL-(Thymus-Leukamie-) Antigen.- f) Nachweis leukamiespezifischer Antigene durch Transplantationsversuche.- g) Antigen-Konversion.- h) Losliche Antigene virusinduzierter Leukamien.- i) Immungenetik des Leukamie-Virus.- IV. Zell vermittelte Immunreaktionen gegenuber Tumorantigenen.- V. Antigene von Tumoren des Menschen.- A. Serologisch definierte Antigene von Tumoren des Menschen.- 1. Burkitts Lymphom, naso-pharyngeales Karzinom und infektiose Mononucleose.- 2. Malignes Melanom.- 3. Sarkome.- 4. Foetale Tumorantigene.- a) Das carcino-embryonale Antigen des Colonkrebses.- b) Das ?-Fetoprotein Antigen.- c) Das ?-Fetoprotein Antigen.- B. Zellulare Immunreaktionen gegenuber Tumoren des Menschen.- VI. Ausweichmechanismen.- VII. Ursprung von Tumorantigenen.- A. Virus-spezifizierte Tumorantigene.- B. Zell-spezifizierte Tumorantigene.- 1. Allgemeine Betrachtungen.- 2. Gen-Aktivierung am Tla-Locus.- 3. Antigen-Modulation.- C. Tumorantigene unbekannter Spezifizierung.- 1. Speziesantigene und Differenzierungs-Alloantigene.- 2. Individualitat der Zelloberflache als Folge spezifischer Anordnung von Oberflacheneinheiten.- 3. Anwendung des Konzepts konfigurationeller Spezifitat auf Krebs und Uberwachung.- Literatur.- Immunotherapy of Malignant Disease.- I. Historical Background.- II. General Approach.- III. Escape.- IV. Classification of Immunotherapeutic Procedures.- 1. Antibodies in Experimental Immunotherapy.- 2. Use of Lymphoid Cells Obtained from Suitably Immunized Donors.- 3. Active Immunization with Tumour Cells.- 4. Modification of Tumour Cells Used for Immunization.- 5. Disappearance of Soluble Antigen from the Blood and Appearance of Antibody Following Autoimmunization.- 6. Treatment of Human Malignant Disease by Injection of Irradiated Tumour Cells.- 7. Non-Specific Stimulation of the Immune System.- V. The Systemic Administration of BCG in Man.- VI. The Current Status of Clinical Immunotherapy.- References.- Namenverzeichnis - Author Index.- Sachverzeichnis - Subject Index.
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