Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Author(s)

• Blair, R. D. G. (R. D. Gordon)
• Calne, Donald B. (Donald Brian)

Bibliographic Information

Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

contributors, R.D.G. Blair ... [et al.] ; editor, Donald B. Calne

（Handbook of experimental pharmacology, v. 88）

Springer-Verlag, c1989

• : gw
• : us

Note

Includes bibliographies and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

With contributions by numerous experts

Table of Contents

1 Neurophysiology of Basal Ganglia.- A. Introduction.- B. Electrophysiology of Connections.- I. Peripheral and Cerebral Input to Basal Ganglia.- 1. Striatum.- a. Peripheral Input..- b. Cerebral Input.- 2. Nucleus Subthalamicus.- 3. Substantia Nigra.- II. Internal Basal Ganglia Connections.- 1. Nigrostriatal Dopamine System.- a. Substantia Nigra.- b. Striatum.- 2. Striatopallidal..- 3. Striatonigral.- 4. Nucleus Subthalamicus.- 5. Nucleus Tegmenti Pedunculopontinus.- III. Output of Basal Ganglia.- 1. Pallidothalamic.- 2. Nigrothalamic.- 3. Pallidohabenular.- 4. Nigrocollicular.- 5. Nucleus Tegmenti Pedunculopontinus.- C. Motor Control Functions.- I. Anatomic Considerations.- II. Lesions, Cooling, and Local Drug Injections.- 1. Striatum.- 2. Globus Pallidus.- 3. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata.- 4. Nucleus Subthalamicus.- III. Neuronal Recordings.- 1. Striatum.- 2. Globus Pallidus.- 3. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata.- 4. Nucleus Subthalamicus.- D. Higher Functions.- I. Anatomy of Connections.- 1. Cortical Input.- 2. Limbic Input.- 3. Output.- II. Neuropsychologic Deficits After Lesions.- III. Neuronal Recordings.- 1. Untrained Behavior.- 2. Context-Dependent Responses to Directly Triggering Stimuli.- 3. Preparation to Act.- a. Nondiscriminative Instructions.- b. Discriminative Instructions.- c. Delayed Response Tasks.- d. Self-Initiated Acts.- E. Dopaminergic Functions.- I. Animal Models of Parkinsonism.- 1. Monkey.- 2. Rodent.- II. Impulse activity of Dopamine Neurons.- 1. Peripheral Input Under Anesthesia.- 2. Relations to Behavior.- a. Execution of Movements.- b. Responses to Stimuli.- c. Preparation to Act.- 3. Comparison with Deficits.- F. Conclusions.- I. Functional Connectivity.- 1. Lateralization of Function.- 2. Disinhibition of Target Structures.- 3. The "Extrapyramidal Motor System".- II. Dopamine System.- 1. Mismatch Between Negative and Positive Image.- 2. Paradoxical Kinesia.- 3. Neuronal Activity in Target Areas of DA Neurons.- III. Corticostriatal Activity.- References.- 2 Pathology of Parkinson's Syndrome.- A. Introduction.- B. Cytoskeletal Pathology.- I. Lewy Bodies.- II. Hirano Bodies.- III. Intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic Granules.- IV. Marinesco Bodies.- V. Neurofibrillary Tangles.- 1. Alzheimer's Neurofibrillary Tangles.- 2. Tangles in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.- VI. Granulovacuolar Degeneration.- VII. Axonal Dystrophy and Grumelous Degeneration.- VIII. Neuritic Plaques and Amyloid.- C. Major Types of Parkinsonism.- I. Parkinson's Disease.- II. Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease.- III. Diffuse Lewy Body Disease.- IV. Multisystem Degenerations.- V. Parkinson-Dementia Complex.- VI. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.- VII. Postencephalitic Parkinsonism.- VIII. Vascular or Multi-infarct Parkinsonism.- IX. Toxic Parkinsonism.- X. Symptomatic Parkinsonism.- D. Morphological Correlates of Pathobiochemistry.- I. Dopaminergic System.- 1. Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area.- 2. Striatopallidum and Other CNS Areas.- II. Noradrenergic System.- 1. Locus Ceruleus.- 2. Dorsal Vagal Nucleus.- III. Serotonergic System.- IV. Cholinergic Systems.- 1. Nucleus Basalis of Meynert.- 2. Nucleus Tegmenti Pedunculopantinus.- 3. Westphal-Edinger Nucleus.- V. Peptidergic Systems.- E. Morphological Effects of Levodopa Treatment.- F. Pathology of Dementia in Parkinson's Disease.- G. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Biochemical Neuroanatomy of the Basal Ganglia.- A. Introduction.- B. Neurotransmitters in the Extrapyramidal System.- I. Type I: Amino Acid Neurotransmitters.- II. Type II: Amine Neurotransmitters.- III. Type III: Peptide Neurotransmitters.- IV. Receptor Subtypes.- C. Heterogeneities in Extrapyramidal Nuclei.- I. Mosaics or Gradients.- II. Differences Between Caudate, Putamen, and Nucleus Accumbens.- D. Interconnections in the Extrapyramidal System.- E. Some Hypotheses as to the Role of Various Tracts in the Extrapyramidal System.- F. Conclusions.- G. Appendix: Afferents and Efferents of Extrapyramidal Nuclei.- References.- 4 Receptors in the Basal Ganglia.- A. Introduction.- B. Neurotransmitter Receptor Properties.- C. Dopamine Receptors.- I. Properties and Subtypes.- II. Distribution.- III. Dopamine Receptors in Parkinson's Disease.- IV. In Vivo Studies.- D. GABA Receptors.- E. Acetylcholine Receptors.- F. Opiate Receptors..- G. Other Receptors.- H. Summary.- References.- 5 Imaging the Basal Ganglia.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Imaging Techniques.- I. Methodology.- 1. X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT).- 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).- II. Parkinson's Disease.- III. Huntington's Disease.- IV. Dystonia.- V. Other Movement Disorders.- C. Functional Imaging Techniques.- I. Methodology.- 1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET).- a. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.- b. Presynaptic Dopaminergic Function.- c. Dopamine Receptors.- 2. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)..- II. Parkinson's Disease..- III. Huntington's Disease.- IV. Dystonia.- D. Conclusions..- References.- 6 The Neurochemical Basis of the Pharmacology of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. The Basic Neurochemical Pathology of Parkinson's Disease.- I. The Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neuron System.- II. Extrastriatal Dopamine Neurons.- III. Nondopamine Neuron Systems.- C. Pathophysiologic and Pharmacologic Significance of the Biochemical Brain Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease.- I. Nigrostriatal Dopamine Loss.- II. Extrastriatal Dopamine Changes.- III. Nondopamine Changes.- 1. Changes in the Basal Ganglia.- a. Norepinephrine.- b. Acetylcholine.- c. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- d. Serotonin, Neuropeptides.- 2. Changes Outside the Basal Ganglia.- D. Striatal Dopamine Deficiency and the Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's Disease: Special Aspects of Dopamine Substitution.- I. Compensatory Changes in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons.- II. Compensated and Decompensated Stages of Parkinson's Disease and the Goal of Dopamine Substitution.- III. The Role of the Compensatory Changes for Dopamine Substitution.- 1. The Role of Presynaptic Overactivity.- 2. The Importance of Postsynaptic Supersensitivity for the Pharmacology of Parkinson's Disease.- a. Special Sensitivity of the Parkinsonian Striatum to Dopamine Substitution.- b. Regional Selectivity of Dopamine Substitution Therapy..- c. New approaches to Dopamine Substitution.- ?. Selective Dopamine Autoreceptor Agonists as a New Class of Specific Potential Antiparkinsonian Agents.- ss. Autografting of Dopamine-Producing Cells into the Parkinsonian Striatum.- E. Prospects of Preventive Drug Treatment in Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 7 Pyridine Toxins.- A. Introduction.- B. What are Pyridines?.- I. Historical Background.- II. Structure and Chemistry.- III. Biologic Role.- IV. Distribution of Pyridines.- C. Pyridines as Toxins.- I. History.- II. Animal Models.- 1. Invertebrates.- 2. Amphibia.- 3. Rodents.- 4. Cat.- 5. Dog.- 6. Primates.- D. Factors Affecting Toxicity.- I. Mechanism of Action.- II. Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Effects.- III. Species Differences.- IV. Neuromelanin..- V. Age Differences.- E. Pyridines as Protectors?.- F. Toxic Tetrahydropyridines: A Growing Family.- G. Pyridines and Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 8 The Relationship Between Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders.- A. Introduction.- B. Secondary Parkinsonism.- I. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism.- II. Toxin-Induced Parkinsonism.- 1. Manganese.- 2. Carbon Monoxide.- 3. Cyanide.- 4. Carbon Disulfide.- 5. Other Toxins.- III. Metabolic Causes of Parkinsonism.- 1. Hypoparathyroidism.- 2. Acquired Hepatocerebral Degeneration.- 3. Other Metabolic Causes.- IV. Postencephalitic Parkinsonism and Slow Virus Infections.- V. Vascular Parkinsonism.- VI. Brain Tumors.- VII. Trauma.- VIII. Hydrocephalus.- IX. Syringomesencephalia.- C. Sporadic Multiple System Degenerations (Parkinsonism-Plus).- I. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.- II. Shy-Drager Syndrome.- III. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies.- IV. Corticobasal Degeneration.- V. Parkinsonism-Dementia-ALS Complex.- VI. Striatonigral Degeneration.- D. Inherited Multiple System Degenerations.- I. Huntington's Disease.- II. Wilson's Disease.- III. Hallervorden-Spatz Disease.- IV. Other Familial Parkinsonian Syndromes.- V. Familial Basal Ganglia Calcifications.- VI. Neuroacanthocytosis.- References.- 9 Evaluation of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Subjective Assessment.- C. Objective Assessment.- I. Tremor.- II. Rigidity.- III. Hypokinesia.- D. Summary.- References.- 10 Clinical Trials for Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Phases.- C. Design.- D. Recruitment.- E. Assessment.- F. Statistical Analysis.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Experimental Therapeutics Directed at the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. General Strategies for Prevention and Protection.- C. Antioxidative Pharmacotherapies.- D. Clinical Trial of Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism (DATATOP).- I. Pilot Studies and Candidate Drugs.- II. Factorial Design.- III. Major Response Variable.- IV. Sample Size Estimates.- V. Symptomatic or Protective Effects?.- VI. Recruitment.- VII. Potential Pitfalls.- E. Animal Models.- F. Neural Grafting.- G. Summary.- References.- 12 Anticholinergic Drugs and Amantadine in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Anticholinergics.- I. Introduction.- II. Mechanism of Action.- III. Pharmacokinetics.- IV. Clinical Effects.- V. Side Effects.- VI. Conclusions.- C. Amantadine.- I. Introduction.- II. Mechanism of Action.- III. Pharmacokinetics.- IV. Clinical Effects.- V. Side Effects.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 13 The Pharmacology of Levodopa in Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update.- A. Introduction.- B. The Efficacy of Levodopa in Parkinsonism.- I. Background.- II. Clinical Effectiveness of Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease.- III. Use of Levodopa in Other Forms of Parkinsonism and Other Movement Disorders.- IV. Therapeutic Principles for Levodopa.- C. Clinical Aspects of Levodopa Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism.- I. Levodopa Pharmacokinetics.- II. Levodopa Metabolism: 3-O-Methyldopa and Other Metabolites.- III. Other Metabolic Effects of Levodopa.- D. Other Effects of Levodopa.- E. Pharmacodynamics of Levodopa Therapy.- F. Mechanism of Action of Levodopa in Parkinsonism.- G. Levodopa Preparations.- I. Decarboxylase Inhibitors.- II. Sustained-Release Forms.- III. Enhanced Delivery and Uptake.- H. Therapeutic Uses for Levodopa Other Than Parkinsonism.- J. Clinical Issues Regarding Initiation of Levodopa Therapy.- I. "Early" Versus "Delayed" Use of Levodopa.- II. "Low Dose" Levodopa Regimens.- K. Clinical Issues Regarding "Drug Holiday".- References.- 14 Adverse Effects of Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease.- A. Historical Aspects of Adverse Effects.- B. Classification, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Adverse Effects.- I. Peripheral Adverse Effects.- 1. Gastrointestinal Symptoms.- 2. Cardiac Dysrhythmias.- 3. Melanoma.- II. Central Adverse Effects.- 1. Dyskinesias.- a. Chorea.- ?. Peak-Dose Chorea.- ss. Diphasic Chorea.- b. Dystonia.- ?. Peak-Dose Dystonia.- ss. Diphasic Dystonia.- ?. "Off" Dystonia.- c. Myoclonus.- d. Simultaneous Dyskinesias with Parkinsonism.- 2. Tachykinesia with Hypokinesia.- a. Tachyphemia.- b. Running Gait.- 3. Fluctuations.- a. "Wearing-Off".- b. "Sudden Off".- c. "Random Off".- d. Yo-yo-ing.- e. Episodic Failure to Respond to Each Dose.- f. "Delayed On".- g. Weak Levodopa Response at End of Day.- h. Response Varies in Relation to Meals.- 4. "Freezing".- 5. Mental Changes.- 6. Loss of Efficacy.- a. Caused by Pyridoxine.- b. With Continuing Treatment.- 7. Miscellaneous.- a. Altered Sleep-Wake Cycle.- b. Hypersexuality.- c. Akathisia.- d. Sweating.- e. Postural Hypotension.- f. Respiratory Distress.- g. Falling.- h. Pain.- j. Increased Parkinsonism.- k. "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome".- References.- 15 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. The Inhibition of Dopamine Oxidation by (?)-Deprenyl.- C. Cellular Localisation of MAO in the Brain.- D. Safety of (?)-Deprenyl.- E. Assessment of MAO Inhibition In Vivo.- F. Distribution of (?)-Deprenyl in Brain and Body.- G. Metabolism of (?)-Deprenyl to Amphetamine.- H. Other Actions of (?)-Deprenyl.- J. MAO and MPTP.- K. Postscript.- References.- 16 Clinical Actions of l-Deprenyl in Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Pharmacology.- C. Clinical Trials.- I. Combined Use of Deprenyl with Levodopa.- II. L-Deprenyl as Monotherapy..- D. Summary.- References.- 17 Update on Bromocriptine in Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Side Effects of Levodopa.- C. Mechanisms for Decline in Response.- D. Treatment of Response Fluctuations: Bromocriptine.- E. Studies of Bromocriptine Therapy.- F. Pharmacology of Bromocriptine.- References.- 18 Pergolide in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Chemistry and Pharmacology.- B. Clinical Studies.- I. Open-Label Studies.- II. Double-Blind Studies.- III. A Long-term Follow-up Study.- C. How to Administer.- D. Side Effects.- References.- 19 Lisuride Pharmacology and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Chemistry.- B. Toxicology.- C. Pharmacokinetics.- D. Biochemistry and Pharmacology.- I. Receptor Binding.- II. Biochemistry.- III. Pharmacology.- IV. Neurophysiology.- E. Clinical Applications.- I. Clinical Pharmacology.- II. Applications in Clinical Endocrinology.- F. Lisuride in Neurological Diseases.- I. Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders.- 1. Oral Application.- 2. Parenteral Application.- 3. Subcutaneous Lisuride: Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation.- II. Other Motor Disturbances.- III. Migraine.- G. Conclusion.- References.- 20 Domperidone and Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Domperidone.- I. Animal Pharmacology.- II. Pharmacokinetics in Humans.- III. Behavioural Effects.- IV. Effect on the Pharmacokinetic Behaviour of Levodopa.- C. Effect of Domperidone on Levodopa Response.- I. Therapeutic Response to Levodopa in Parkinsonism.- II. Dopamine Agonist-Induced Sickness.- III. Levodopa-Associated Cardiovascular Problems.- 1. Domperidone-and Levodopa-Induced Hypotension.- 2. Domperidone and Cardiac Dysrhythmias.- 3. Domperidone and Cerebral Blood Flow.- IV. Levodopa-Associated Respiratory Problems.- D. Comparison of Domperidone with Metoclopramide and Other Neuroleptics in the Management of Parkinson's Disease.- E. Comparison of Domperidone with Decarboxylase Inhibitors in the Management of Parkinson's Disease.- References.- 21 New Routes of Administration for Antiparkinsonian Therapy.- A. Introduction.- B. Delivery Methods.- I. Enteral Administration.- II. Intravenous Administration.- III. Subcutaneous Administration.- IV. Transcutaneous Administration.- C. Clinical Studies.- I. Enteral Routes.- II. Intravenous Administration.- 1. Levodopa.- 2. Lisuride.- 3. Apomorphine.- III. Subcutaneous Infusions.- IV. Transdermal Application.- D. Conclusion.- References.- 22 Treatment of Parkinsonian Features in Neurological Disorders Other than Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism.- C. Wilson's Disease.- D. Multiple System Degenerations.- I. Striatonigral Degeneration.- II. Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy.- III. Shy-Drager Syndrome.- IV. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.- V. Senile Parkinsonism.- VI. The ALS-Parkinson-Dementia Complex of Guam.- VII. Joseph Disease.- E. Other Types of Parkinsonism.- I. Postencephalitic Parkinsonism.- II. Parkinsonism Due to Toxins.- III. Hypoparathyroidism.- IV. Huntington's Disease.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 23 Management of Psychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Depression.- C. Psychosis and Related Disorders.- I. Early Onset Psychosis.- II. Late Onset Psychosis.- D. Drug-Induced Hallucinatory Syndromes.- I. Anticholinergic Delirium.- II. Hallucinations with a Clear Sensorium.- E. Treatment of Psychosis.- F. Aberrant Sexual Behavior.- References.- 24 Intracranial grafts for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease.- A. Introduction.- B. Sources of Dopamine-Secreting Cells.- C. Neural and Adrenal Grafts in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease.- I. Studies in the Rat.- II. Studies in Primates.- D. Dopaminergic Grafts in Humans.- E. Conclusions.- References.

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

• NCID: BA07120285
• ISBN:
  • 3540500413
  • 0387500413
• LCCN: 88029468
• Country Code: gw
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: Berlin ; New York ; Tokyo
• Pages/Volumes: xxiv, 599 p.
• Size: 25 cm
• Classification:
  • LCC : QP905
  • LCC : RC382
  • DC19 : 615/.1 s
  • DC19 : 616.8/33061
• Subject Headings:
  • LCSH : Parkinsonism -- Chemotherapy
  • LCSH : Antiparkinsonian agents
  • MESH : Antiparkinson Agents -- therapeutic use
  • MESH : Parkinson Disease -- drug therapy
• Parent Bibliography ID:
  • BA00516120