Air pollution modeling and its application

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Air pollution modeling and its application

edited by C. De Wispelaere

（NATO challenges of modern society, v. 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24）

Plenum Press, c1981-

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"Published in cooperation with NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society."

"Proceedings oh the Twelfth International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held August 25-28, 1981, at SRI International, Menio Park, California"--Verso t.p.

"International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application (13th: 1982: Ile des Embiez, France)"

"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Meeting on Air Polution Modeling and its Application, held November 24-27, 1980, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands"--Verso of t.p

"Proceedings oh the Fifteenth NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held April 15-19, 1985, in St. Louis, Missouri"--T.p. verso.

"Proceedings of the Sixteenth NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held April 6-10, 1987 in Lindau, Federal Republic of Germany"

"Proceedings of the Seventeenth NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held September 19-22, 1988, in Cambridge, United Kingdom"--VII t.p. verso

"Proceedings of the Eighteenth NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Apprication, held May 13-17, 1990, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"--VIII t.p. verso

Vol. 7. Edited by Han van Dop

Vol. 5. Edited by C. De Wispelaere, Francis A. Schiermeier and Noor V. Gillani

Vol. 6. Edited by Han van Dop

Vol. 8. Edited by Han van Dop and Douw G. Steyn

Vol. 9. Edited by Han van Dop and George Kallos

Vol. 10. Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Millan M. Millan

Vol. 11. Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Francis A. Schiermeier

Includes bibliographies and indexes

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

1 ISBN 9780306408205

Description

This is the first in a new series of publications arlslng out of the work of the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The CCMS was established in 1969 with a mandate to examine practical ways of improving the exchange of experience among mem­ ber nations of the Alliance in the task of creating a better envir­ onment for their societies. It was charged with considering "spe­ cific problems of the human environment with the deliberate objec­ tive of stimulating action by member governments". It may come as a surprise to some that NATO - generally thought of as being an organization devoted solely to matters of defence - should concern itself with the environment at all. But this is to overlook Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, which expressly provides that member count ries should contribute towards the furt her development of peaceful and friendly internat­ ional relations by promoting conditions of stability and well­ being. This concern is reflected in many non-military areas, in addition to the environmental one. I wish the present volume, which has been edited by the Bel­ gian Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, every success.

Table of Contents

  • I: Interregional Transport of Air Pollution (Up To Several Hundreds of Kilometers).- 1. Interregional exchanges of air pollution: Model types and applications.- 2. Trajectories as two-dimensional probability fields.- 3. The use of a regional-scale numerical model in addressing certain key air quality issues anticipated in the 1980s.- 4. Probability prediction of the wet deposition of airborne pollution.- 5. The statistics of precipitation scavenging during long range transport.- 6. Air pollution transport over Western Europe
  • exchanges between Germany and the Netherlands.- 7. A characterization of interregional transport of ozone and precursors into an urban area.- 8. Air quality projections for the Ohio river basin.- 2: Meteorological Parameters for Use in Advanced Air Diffusion Models.- 9. Estimation of turbulence velocity scales in the stable and the unstable boundary layer for dispersion applications.- 10. Meteorological input for a three dimensional medium range air quality model.- 11. Interest of an atmospheric meso-scale model for air pollution transport studies over medium distances.- 12. A mass consistent wind field model over the Mid-Rhine Valley.- 13. A mesoscale numerical model of atmospheric flow over the Alsace plain.- 14. The application of a stochastic wind model to the meteorology of North-West England.- 15. Atmospheric circulation on the regional scale and isentropic trajectories as support to the long range transport (LRT) of air pollution.- 16. Diffusivity profiles deduced from synoptic data.- 17. Wind velocity variances in the atmospheric boundary layer.- 18. Estimation of mesoscale and local-scale roughness for atmospheric transport modeling.- 19. A convective plume model for PBL dispersion.- 20. Numerical modeling of stack plumes within a city environment at distances of several kilometres downstream.- 21. Results of Lidar measurements of atmospheric barrier layers.- 22. Effects of release height on ?y and ?z in daytime conditions.- 23. Dispersion near to a tall stack.- 24. A statistical approach for estimating atmospheric stability classes from near-ground observations.- 25. Net radiation estimated from standard meteorological data.- 26. Estimation of the sensible heat flux from standard meteorological data for stability calculations during daytime.- 3: Advanced Techniques in Air Pollution Modeling to Take Into Account Complex Terrain, Heavy Gases and Light Wind Conditions.- 27. A comparison of finite difference schemes, describing the two-dimensional advection equation.- 28. A comparison of some plume dispersion predictions with field measurements.- 29. Model investigations of spreading of heavy gases released from an instantaneous volume source at the ground.- 30. Physical modeling of forty cubic meter LNG spills at China Lake, California.- 31. The accidental release of dense flammable and toxic gases from pressurized containment - transition from pressure driven to gravity driven phase.- 32. Entrainment through the top of a heavy gas cloud.- 33. Physical simulation of dispersion in complex terrain and valley drainage flow situations.- 34. Analysis and simulation of local circulations and air pollution over a coastal, complex site.- 35. A new gaussian puff algorithm for non-homogeneous, nonstationary dispersion in complex terrain.- 36. Impact study in complex terrain.- 37. Conversion rate of nitrogen oxides in a polluted atmosphere.- 4: Forecasting Of Polluant Concentration Under Episodic Conditions.- 38. Forecasting of fumigation episodes in the Po Valley.- 39. Numerical computation of high air pollutionlevels.- 40. Application of a photochemical dispersion model to the Netherlands and its surroundings.- 41. An application of a pollution episode predictor derived from a K-theory model.- 42. Forecasting of pollutant concentration under episode conditions..- 5: Regulatory Applications.- 43. An application of the empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA) to the Cologne area.- 44. Air pollution impact calculated and measured during licensing procedures.- 45. The regulatory implications of using airport meteorological data instead of onsite data in air quality modeling.- Participants.- Authors Index.
Volume

2 ISBN 9780306411151

Description

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established the Committee on the Challenges of Hodern Society. Air Pollution was from the start one of the priority problems under study within the framework of the pilot studies undertaken by this Committee. The organization of a yearly symposium dealing with air pollution modeling and its application is one of the main activities within the pilot study in relation to air pollution. After being organized for five years by the United States and for five years by the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, repre­ sented by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, became responsible in 1980 for the organization of this symposium. This volume contains the papers presented at the 12th Interna­ tional Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Appli­ cation held at SRI International, Menlo Park, California in the USA from 25th to 28th August 1981. The meeting was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, Belgium and SRI International, USA. The conference was attended by 109 participants and 51 papers have been presented. The members of the selection committee of the 12th I.T.M. were A. Berger (Chair­ man, Belgium), W. Klug (Federal Republic of Germany), L.E. Niemeyer (United States of America), L. Santomauro (Italy), J. Tikvart (United States of America), M.L. Williams (United Kingdom), H. Van Dop (The Netherlands), C. De Wispelaere (Coordinator, Belgium).

Table of Contents

I : Physical-Chemical Reactions in Plumes.- 1. Chemical transformation in plumes.- 2. A comparison between chemically reacting plume models and windtunnel experiments.- 3. Air pollutant reactions in major plumes transported over the North Sea.- 4. Solutions to the equation for surface depletion of a gaussian plume.- 5. Mathematical modeling of chemically reactive plumes in an urban environment.- 6. Chemical modeling studies of the long-range dispersion of power-plant plumes.- 7. A comparison of the regional scale effects on in-cloud conversion of SO2 to SO4= in an eight layer diabatic model with a single layer model.- 8. The washout of hydrogen fluoride.- 9. Performance evaluation of the empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA).- 10. Urban visual air quality : modeled and perceived.- 2 : Air Trajectory Models for Air Pollution Transport.- 11. A gaussian trajectory model for hazard evaluation for prolonged releases from nuclear reactors.- 12. Application of trajectory model to regional transport characterization.- 13. Refined air pollution model for calculating daily regional patterns and transfrontier exchanges of airborne sulfur in central and western Europe.- 14. On a method of evaluation of performance of a trajectory model for long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants.- 15. The pseudo-spectral technique in the computation of seasonal average concentrations and its comparison with the trajectory technique.- 16. A mesoscale air pollution transport model : outline and preliminary results.- 17. Initial evaluation of Canadian and United States regional models for transboundary air pollution.- 18. Comparison of an eulerian with a lagrangian type numerical air pollution dispersion model.- 19. Analysis of particles trajectories during a land-sea breeze cycle using two-dimensional numerical mesoscale models.- 20. Verification of a three-dimensional transport model using tetroon data from projects state and neros.- 21. A new trajectory model and its practical application for accident and risk assessments.- 22. A finite element flow model over the Alsace plain.- 23. Modifications of trajectory models needed for pollutant source-receptor analysis.- 24. Sensitivity analysis of a climatological air trajectory model.- 3 : Advanced Mathematical Techniques in Air Pollution Modeling.- 25. A model for pollutant concentration prediction in complex terrain.- 26. Pollutant dispersion in the Ekman layer using moment-reduced transport equations.- 27. A simple model for dispersion of non-buoyant particles inside a convective boundary layer.- 28. Dispersion from fugitive sources.- 29. A comparison with experimental data of several models for dispersion of heavy vapor clouds.- 30. Application of the sulfur transport eulerian model (STEM) to a sure data set.- 31. Particle simulation of inhomogeneous turbulent diffusion.- 32. The apt computer program for the numerical solution of problems in atmospheric dispersion.- 33. A three dimensional, finite element model for simulating heavier-than-air gaseous releases over variable terrain.- 34. Numerical solution of three-dimensional and time-dependent advection-diffusion equations by “orthogonal collocation on multiple elements”.- 35. Analysis of a finite release of a pollutant followed by an abrupt change of wind direction.- 36. Two-dimensional unsteady gravity currents.- 37. Lagrangian modeling of air pollutants dispersion from a point source.- 38. Physical and mathematical simulation of Pb dispersion in and around a Pb industry in an urbanized area.- 4 : Evaluation of Model Performance in PracticalApplications.- 39. Observations and simulations of carbon monoxide concentrations in the wake of an urban garage.- 40. Influence of meteorological input data on the comparison between calculated and measured aerosol ground level concentrations and depositions.- 41. EPRI plume model validation project results for a plains site power plant.- 42. Comparison of sulfur dioxide estimates from the model ram with St. Louis raps measurements.- 43. Large scale validation of a bi-gaussian dispersion model in a multiple source urban and industrial area.- 44. Development and validation of a multi-source plume downwash model.- 45. Dispersion modeling studies in some major urban areas in the U.K..- 46. Results from elevated-source urban area dispersion experiments compared to model calculations.- 47. Influences of data bases on model performance.- 5 : Particular Studies in the Field of Air Pollution Modeling.- 48. Hydraulic modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer at large length scale ratios : capabilities and limitations.- 49. Formation of cloud particles from large hot plume in controlled experiments.- 50. Accounting for moisture effects in the prediction of buoyant plumes.- 51. Plume behavior in stable air.- Participants.- Author Index.
Volume

3 ISBN 9780306414916

Description

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. Air Pollution was from the start one of the pri9rity problems under study within the framework of the pilot studies undertaken by this Committee. The organization of a yearly symposium dealing with air pollution modeling and its application is one of the main activities within the pilot study in relation to air pollution. After being organized for five years by the United States and for five years by the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, represented by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, became responsible in 1980 for the organization of this symposium. This volume contains the papers presented at the 13th Inter­ national Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Appli­ cation held at lIe des Embiez, France, from 14th to 17th September 1982. This meeting was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy Programming, Belgium, and the Ministere de l'Environnement, France. The conference was attended by 120 participants and 45 papers have been presented. The closing ses­ sion of the 13th I. T. M. has been attended by Mr. Alain Bombard, French Minister of the Environment. The members of the selection committee of the 13th I. T. M. were A. Berger (Chairman, Belgium), W. K1ug (Federal Republic of Germany), K. Demerjian (United States of America), L. Santomauro (Italy), M. L. Williams (United Kingdom), H. Van Dop (The Netherlands), H. E. Turner (Canada), C.

Table of Contents

Lagrangian Modeling.- Aspects of Lagrangian Air Pollution Modeling.- The Integral Equation of Diffusion.- Lagrangian Long Range Air Pollution Model for Eastern North America.- Some Comparisons Between Lagrangian and Simple Source-Oriented Models for Long Range Atmospheric Transport and Dispersal of Radioactive Releases.- Application of Personal Computers to Lagrangian Modeling in Complex Terrain.- On Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer.- A New Monte-Carlo Scheme for Simulating Lagrangian Particle Diffusion with Wind Shear Effects.- Preliminary Tests of the Introduction of Lagrangian Dispersion modeling in a 3-D Atmospheric Meso-scale Numerical Model.- Studies of Plume Transport and Dispersion Over Distances of Travel Up to Several Hundred Kilometers.- Lagrangian Modeling of Dispersion in the Planetary Boundary Layer of Particulate Released by a Line Source.- A Monte-Carlo Model for the Simulation of Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants.- Preliminary Analysis of Lagrangian Monte-Carlo Methods for Nonhomogeneous Turbulence.- PPI-Theory for Particle Dispersion.- Modeling Cooling Tower and Power Plant Plumes.- An Improved Analytical Model for Vapour Plume Visible Outline Predictions.- Simulation of Atmospheric Effects of Industrial Heat Releases: The “Artificial Convection” Program.- The Cooling Tower Model Smoka and Its Application to a Large Set of Data.- Dynamic Interaction of Cooling Tower and Stack Plumes.- Numerical Modeling of Cooling Tower Plumes: Comparison with Experiments.- Modeling the Dispersion of Heavy Gases.- The Modeling of Dispersion of Heavy Gases.- Numerical Simulations of Atmospheric Releases of Heavy Gases Over Variable Terrain.- Diffusion of Heavy Gases.- Entrainment Through the Top of a Heavy Gas Cloud, Numerical Treatment.- MaplinSands Experiments 1980: Dispersion Results from Continuous Releases of Refrigerated Liquid Propane and LNG.- Remote Sensing as a Tool for Air Pollution Modeling.- Correlation Spectrometry as a Tool for Mesoscale Air Pollution Modeling.- Doppler Acoustic Sounding: Application to Dispersion Modeling.- Plume Modeling from Meterological Doppler Radar Data.- Observations and Predictions of Inversion Penetration by a Buoyant Industrial Plume.- Acoustic Sounder Data as Meteorological Input in Dispersion Estimates.- Simulation of Sulphur Dioxide Mass-Flow Over Milan Area.- Tetroon Flights as a Tool in Atmospheric Meso-Scale Transport Investigation.- Dispersion Modeling Including Photochemistry.- Progress in Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Modeling.- Evaluation of the Performance of a Photochemical Dispersion Model in Practical Applications.- A Second Generation Combined Transport/Chemistry Model for the Regional Transport of SOx and NOx Compounds.- Acid Deposition of Photochemical Oxidation Products — A Study Using a Lagrangian Trajectory Model.- Simulation of a Photochemical Smog Episode in the Rhine-Ruhr Area with a Three Dimensional Grid Model.- Oxidant Formation Described in a Three Level Grid.- Evaluation of Model Performances in Practical Applications.- Site-to-Site Variation in Performance of Dispersion Parameter Estimation Schemes.- Estimates of Vertical Diffusion From Sources Near the Ground in Strongly Unstable Conditions.- Validation of a Single Source Simulation by Means of Past and Actual Air Quality Measurements.- Application of a Three-Dimensional Model to the Calculation of Trajectories: A Case Study.- Estimation of Uncertainties in Transfer Matrix Elements in Long Range Transport Modeling.- Evaluation of a K-Model Formulated in Terms of Monin-ObukhovSimilarity with the Results from the Prairie Grass Experiments.- Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling and Optimal Air Quality Control Strategies.- The Applications of an Integral Plume Rise Model.- Estimation of Diffuse Hydrocarbon Leakages from Petrochemical Factories.- Participants.- Author’s Index.
Volume

4 ISBN 9780306419089

Description

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. Air Pollution was from the start one of the priority problems under study within the framework of the pilot studies undertaken by this Committee. The organization of a yearly symposium dealing with air pollution modeling and its application is one of the main activities within the pilot study in relation to air pollution. After being organized for five years by the United States and for five years by the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, represented by the Prime Minister's Office for science Policy, became responsible in 1980 for the organization of this symposium. This volume contains the papers presented at the 14th Inter­ national Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Appli­ cation held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 27th to 30th September 1983. This meeting was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy, Belgium, and the National Agency of Environmental Protection, Air Pollution Laboratory, Ris~ National Laboratory, Denmark. The conference was attended by 103 partici­ pants and 43 papers have been presented. The members of the se­ lection committee of the 14th I.T.M. were A. Berger (Chairman, Belgium), W. Klug (Federal Republic of Germany), K. Demerjian (United States of America), L. Santomauro (Italy), R. Van Dop (The Netherlands), R.E. Turner (Canada), C. De Wispelaere (Coordinator, Belgium).

Table of Contents

Parameterization of Transformation and Removal Processes in Air Quality Modelling.- Aspects of parameterization of transformation and removal processes in air quality modelling.- An examination of linear parameterizations in a statistical long-range transport model.- A multi-layered, long-range transport, Lagrangian trajectory model: comparison with fully mixed single layer models.- Analysis of acid deposition due to sulfer dioxide emissions from Ohio.- Development of an acid rain impact assessment model.- Estimation of North American anthropogenic sulfer deposition as a function of source/receptor separation.- Chemistry of sulfate and nitrate formation.- The use of field data in average wet deposition modeling.- Modeling of chemical transformations of S0x and N0x in the polluted atmosphere — an overview of approaches and current status.- Plume model for nitrogen oxides.- Dry deposition of fine particles to city surfaces.- Coastal Meteorology Related to Air Pollution Modeling.- A review of coastal zone meteorological processes important to the modeling of air pollution.- Review of selected three-dimensional numerical sea breeze models.- Simulations of a tracer experiment in the Øresund region.- The shoreline environment atmospheric dispersion experiment (Seadex).- Dispersion conditions over land and water in a coastal zone revealed by measurements at two meteorological masts.- Numerical simulation of coastal internal boundary layer developments and a comparison with simple models.- Application to the Belgian coast of a 2-dimensional primitive equation model using ? coordinate.- Analysis of tetroon flights performed during the pukk meso-scale experiment.- Lagrangian Modelling for Synoptic Range Transport.- Long range transport of air pollutants on the synopticscale.- Sensitivity studies with a LRT model.- The green river ambient model assessment program.- Application of a mesoscale lagrangian puff-model to the measurements of S02-pollution transports over Belgium.- Testing a statistical long-range transport model on European and North American observations.- Analysis of episodes with high pollutant concentrations in Berlin (West) using backward trajectories.- Atmospheric Experiments Pertinent to Air Quality Modeling.- Atmospheric field experiments for evaluating, pollutant transport and dispersion in complex terrain.- Regional-scale pollutant transport Studies in the Northeastern United States.- Instantaneous observations of plume dispersion in the surface layer.- A literature study on tracer experiments for atmospheric dispersion study.- Downwind hazard distances for pollutants over land and sea.- Remote sensing of stability conditions during severe fog episodes.- Some preliminary results obtained using a recently developed conditional tracer release system for studying atmospheric dispersion.- EPA Model development for stable plume impingement on elevated terrain obstacles.- Practical Applications of Air Quality Modeling.- Methodologies to validate multiple source madels : an application to the 5th European campaign on remote sensing techniques (Ghent, Belgium, 1981).- Simulated pollutant transport over the Ghent industrial area.- A nonlinear programming search technique to locate position and magnitude of the maximum air quality impact from point sources.- An operational air pollution model.- The relation of urban model performamce to stability.- Simulation of transformation, buyoyancy and removal processes by lagrangian particle methods.- Wind-field and pollutant mass-flow simulation over an urban area.- Particle simulation of dust transport and deposition and comparison with conventional models.- Atmospheric diffusion modelling by stochastic differential equations.- Pollution episodes in situations of weak winds : an application of the K-model.- Participants.- Author’s Index.
Volume

5 ISBN 9780306422935

Description

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pollution was from the start one of the priority problems under study within the framework of various pilot studies undertaken by this Committee. The organization of a yearly conference dealing with air pollution modeling and its application has become one of the main activities within the pilot study relating to air pollution. The international conference was organized for the first five years by the United States and for the second five years by the Federal Republic of Germany. Belgium, represented by the Prime Minister's Office for Science policy, became responsible in 1980 for organizing the third five years of the annual conference. This volume contains the papers presented at the 15th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting (ITM) on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held in St. Louis, Missouri, from the 15th to 19th April 1985. This ITM was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy, Belgium (Pilot Country); by the Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, United States (Host Country); and by Washington University, Mechanical Engineering Department (Host Organization).

Table of Contents

Role of Atmospheric Models in Air Pollution Policy and Abatement Strategies.- Evaluating strategies for controlling acidification in Europe with a regional scale air quality model.- The feasibility and effectiveness of summer season or episodic SO2 emission controls to reduce acidic deposition in eastern North America.- Climatological variability in the evaluation of cost effectiveness of emission control strategies to reduce acid deposition.- Regional oxidant modeling of the Northeast US.- Technical uncertainty in quantitative policy analysis - A sulfur air pollution example.- The determination of air pollution abatement in Milan urban area.- Critical Air Quality or Worst-Case Meteorological Scenarios.- Meteorological events that produced the highest ground-level concentrations during complex terrain/field experiments.- Avacta II model simulations of worst-case air pollution scenarios in Northern Italy.- On-line wind field calculations for routine and emergency response applications.- Report on the study to evaluate air pollution episodes and intermittent control measure.- Planetary Boundary Layer and Turbulence Parameterization in Atmospheric Dispersion Models.- Parameterization of the atmospheric boundary layer for air pollution dispersion models.- Atmospheric dispersion modeling based upon boundary layer parameterization.- Modeling the diurnal variation of meteorological variables within the boundary layer - Preliminary comparison results ".- Statistical models of atmospheric dispersion.- Use of meteorological data to parameterize statistical dispersion models.- Atmospheric diffusion in the range 20 to 2000 Kilometers.- Short range dispersion within a system of regular valleys.- Determination of the relations governing the evolution of the standard deviations of the distribution of pollution.- Modeling of turbulence in stable layers and forecasting of pollution episodes.- Formation and Transport of Ozone and Aerosols in the Polluted Atmosphere.- An examination of the transport of ozone and its precursors in rural areas of the Eastern United States.- The transport of reactive pollutants within local circulations.- Modeling sulfur air quality and deposition in pristine areas.- Technical considerations in regional aerosol modeling.- First results of the data processing of the VIth European campaign on remote-sensing of air pollution.- A wind-field model for interpretation of remote-sensing data in a complex area.- Performance Evaluation of Atmospheric Dispersion/Transformation/Removal Models.- Expectations and experience in diffusion model validation.- Issues, design and interpretation of performance evaluations: ensuring the emperor has clothes.- Assessing the performance level of air quality models.- Simple statistical methods for comparative evaluation of air quality models.- The Danish gaussian air pollution model (OML): description, test and sensitivity analysis in view of regulatory applications.- Regional air quality model assessment and evaluation.- The use of acid deposition models in designing long-range tracer experiments.- The episodicity of statistical long range transport models.- South central coast cooperative aerometric monitoring program - An integrated atmospheric pollutant monitoring program for California outer continental shelf (OCS).- Application of linked three-dimensional PBL and dispersion models to New-York city.- A reentry plume fumigation model in a lakeshore environment.- Atmospheric dispersion around an isolated hill - Programme and preliminary results.- Initialization of the euler model "modis" with field data from the "epri plume model validation project".- Concentration statistics by wind direction for 1976 St Louis SO2 measurements and model estimates.- Field experiments with tracer and tetroons to investigate atmospheric dispersion in the mesoscale range.- Dispersion Modeling of Hazardous Materials and Toxic Pollutants.- Dispersion modeling of hazardous materials in the wind tunnel.- Heavy gas dispersion modelling.- Physical and mathematical modelling of heavy gas dispersion - Accuracy and reliability.- Evaluation of Source strength and dispersion model predictions with data from large nitrogen tetroxide field experiments.- Comparison between data from the heavy gas dispersion experiments at thorney island and predictions of simple models.- A study of heavy gas effects on the atmospheric dispersion of dense gases.- A three-dimensional numerical model for the dispersion of heavy gases over complex terrain.- Participants.- Author's Index.
Volume

7 ISBN 9780306432255

Description

Air pollution remains a major environmental issue despite many years of study and much legislative control. In rec nt times, pollution on a global scale has become of particular concern. The gradually changing con centration of trace gases in the global troposphere due to man's activity is becomming a matter of serious concern. No scientist would dare to pre dict in detail the consequences of this gradual change due to its immense complexity involving social and economic factors and near countless chemical and phjsical cycles in our biosphere. In this chain of processes, the transport of pollution is an important factor, but only a factor. Therefore, I would like to emphasize that the mOdelling of atmospheric transport is becoming more and more an activity which fits into larger frameworks and can no longer be exercised as a single step, which bridges the gap between emissions and policy measures. This is also reflected in the topics and papers which were presented at this conference. The topics were: - emission invetories for and source treatment in air pollution dispersion models; - modelling of accidental releases; - regional and global scale dispersion mOdelling; including boundary layer-free troposphere exchange processes and subgrid scale parameter isations; - model verification and policy implications; - new developments in dispersion modelling and theory. 56 papers were presented in these sections. While many posters were dis cussed in a special session."
Volume

8 ISBN 9780306438288

Description

In 1949, when the North Atlantic Treaty was ratified, one of its articles explicitly noted '1hat member countries should contribute towards the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations." Specific problems related to the human environment were addressed by the Committee of Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) of NATO, established in 1969. This provided a framework within which a series of International Technical Meetings (ITMs) on Air Pollution Modelling has been held. This volume documents the proceedings of the 18th meeting in this series. Science, like the arts and sports, provides an ideal vehicle for "developing peaceful and friendly international relations". National boundaries have never been barriers to the movement of air pollution, and fortunately this has also proved true of scientists studying the transport of air pollution. It is thus satisfying to record that since the mid-seventies it has been commonplace to find Eastern European scientists among attendees at the ITMs which have (in a very modest way) participated in a precursor to the process which has led to historical changes in Europe and which will undoubtedly lead to a tremendous increase in personal and intellectual exchange on a worldwide basis.

Table of Contents

Opening Address.- Problems of Industrial Air Pollution Modelling Considering Soviet Experience.- Model Assessment And Policy Implications.- Developments in Modelling Air Pollution for Regulatory Uses.- Modeled Sulfur Deposition Trends since 1900 in North America.- The Impact of Emission Reductions on Mesoscale Acid Deposition in the Lower Ohio RiverValley.- Detection of Sulphur Emission Reductions in Europe during the Period 1979-1986.- A Quantitative Model Analysis of Year to Year Changes in Concentration and Deposition.- An Air Quality Forecast System for Photochemical Smog Episodes.- Analysis of Ozone Air Quality over the New York Metropolitan Area.- Regional Acid Deposition And Oxidant Modelling.- Delineation of the Influence of Major Emissions Regions on the Annual Acidic Deposition at Sensitive Areas.- Characterization of the Nonlinear Change in Annual Sulfur Deposition for a Change in Emissions.- Modelling Photochemical Pollution by an Eulerian Long-Range Transport Model.- Theoretical Prediction of Local Ozone Maxima Associated with the Passage of Cold Fronts.- Development of an Urban Grid Model for the Santiago, Chile Region.- The German Air Pollution Observation Network as a Base for the Validation of EURAD.- Routine Model for the Long-Range Transport Calculations of Sulphur and Nitrogen Compounds from Continuous Sources Allowing for Non-Linear Effects.- The Effect of Size-Dependent Dry Deposition Velocities in an Eulerian Regional-Scale Paniculate Model.- Simulation of a Wet Deposition Case in Europe Using the European Acid Deposition Model (EURAD).- Numerical Modelling of the Atmospheric Transport, Chemical Transformations and Deposition of Mercury.- Effects of Spatial Resolution on Tracer Field Simulations with an Eulerian Long-Range Transport Model (EURAD).- Estimation of the Annual Contribution of US Sulfur Emissions to Canadian Acidic Deposition and Vice Versa.- The Role of Grid-Based, Reactive Air Quality Modeling in Policy Analysis: Perspectives and Implications, as Drawn from a Case Study.- The Scientific Credibility of Regional Atmospheric Deposition Models Used for Control Strategy Development.- Regional Scale Modelling.- Regional and Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling as Applied to Air Quality Studies.- Nocturnal Flow on a Western Colorado Slope.- Regional Flow Fields in Northrhine Westfalia - A Case Study Comparing Flow Models of Different Complexity.- Spatial Variations of Aerodynamic Resistance over a Hill.- Simulation of Dispersion in Moderately Complex Terrain.- Diagnostic Derivation of Boundary Layer Parameters from the Outputs of Atmospheric Models.- Long Range Transport of Heavy Metals from Poland Computed by an Eulerian Model.- Time Evolution of Breeze Circulation in Alpine Valleys.- Mesoscale Flow-Fields and Dispersion in the Coastal Terrain of Eastern Korinthian Gulf in Greece during Summer.- Meso-Meteorological Studies in the Iberian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean Area.- Flow and Particles Trajectories over Terrain Thermal Inhomogeneities.- Modeling Heavy Metals in Europe's Atmosphere: A Combined Trajectory-Climatologic Approach.- Application of the Receptor Oriented Approach in Mesoscale Dispersion Modeling.- Eulerian Modeling of Atmospheric Dispersion over Portugal: Background Concentrations and Emission Data Preparation.- Dry Aerosol Deposition Over the North Sea Estimated from Aircraft Measurements.- Temporal and Spatial Resolution Requirements for Regional-Scale Dispersion Models.- A Preliminary Evaluation of ADPIC Model Performance on Selected ANATEX Releases Using Observed, Analyzed, and Dynamically Predicted Winds.- The Influence of Biogenic Emissions Estimates on Ozone Precursor Control Requirements for Atlanta.- Specification of Source Characteristics for Ozone Prediction in a Complex Airshed.- Global Scale Dispersion Studies Including Sub-Grid Scale Parameterization Of Transport And Exchange Processes.- Parameterization of Cloud Transport of Trace Species in Global 3-D Models.- The Global Numerical Simulation of the Distribution of CO in the Troposphere.- Tracer Transport in the Hamburg Climate Model.- Long Range Transport of Trace Gases and Aerosols in the Northeast Pacific Rim.- Vertical Transport and Scavenging of Pollutants by Convective Clouds.- Numerical Study of the Formation of Acidic Species in the Convective-Cloud Streets over the Japan Sea in Winter.- Cloud Chemistry Calculations Using a Chemical Grid.- A Simple Chemical Cloud Model: Can Simplicity Approximate Reality?.- Mesoscale Characterization of Cloud Microphysical and Chemical Processes: A Comparison of 3 Formulations.- Mesoscale Modeling of Pollutant Transport and Deposition in Case of Frontal Rain.- Accidental Releases Including Radioactivity And Dense Gas Dispersion.- Environmental Prediction Systems: Design, Implementation Aspects and Operational Experience with Application to Accidental Releases.- The WMO/IAEA/CEC Model Intercomparison Study (ATMES).- Poster Session.- Modelling of the Long-Range Transport of Radioactive Substances from Accidental Release.- Media: An Eulerian Model Of Atmospheric Dispersion. Validation On The Chernobyl Release.- Modelling of the Chernobyl Radioactive Cloud Dispersion.- Emergency Response Model Evaluation Using Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant Tracer Experiments.- Flushing of Dense Gas from Bottomlands by Wind.- Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Released in a Major Chemical Accident in lonava, Lithuania.- Evaluation of a Simple Dense Gas Model for Instantaneous Releases.- Modelling the Dynamics of Aerosols in Two-Phase Releases of Hazardous Materials.- Numerical Modelling of Cloud Dispersion in Forestry Pesticide Spraying Operations.- A Practical On-line Method for Estimating Pasquill Stability Class Using the Analysis of Wind Fluctuations.- Wind Field and Dispersion at Regional Scale: the HERMES Code.- Particle Diffusion Model Evaluation Against Tracer Experiment.- Management of Atmospheric Pollutant Venting - Applications and Development of Operational Management of Air Resources (OMAR).- A Decision Sequence for Selecting Public Domain Models for Accidental Releases.- Objective Meteorological Analysis for Use on Personal Computers to Provide Air Quality Model Inputs.- An Investigation into Two-Phase Jets.- Dispersion Modeling within Risk Assessment Studies.- The SEVEX Project, an Integrated Dispersion and Contamination Calculation for Complex Terrain and Accidental Releases.- An Operational Eulerian Dispersion Model Applied to Different Scales.- A Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model for Long-Range Simulation of Accidental Releases of Radioactivity at the German Weather Service.- Meteorological Monitoring near the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station.- A Improved Gaussian Model for Real Time Evaluation of Heavy Gas Dispersion.- Video Presentation.- Model-Predicted Ozone Transport Patterns in the Northeast United States.- Comprehensive Models for Environmental Systems.- Plume Models Which Incorporate Uncertainty.- Entrainment and Plume Rise in Turbulent Winds.- A Comparison of the Monte Carlo and the Flux Gradient Method for Atmospheric Diffusion.- Sporadic Turbulence and Dispersion in the Stable Boundary Layer.- Diffusion of Buoyant Plumes from Tall Stacks in the Convective Layer.- Lagrangian Parameters from Diffusion Experiments.- Eddy Diffusivity in the Stable Boundary Layer.- Development of the Adaptive Volume Puff Model.- The Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM).- Revision of the Hybrid Plume Dispersion Model (HPDM) for Application to Urban Areas.- The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) Model: Revisions and Evaluations.- Participants.- Author Index.
Volume

9 ISBN 9780306442483

Description

The interest in air pollution modelling has shown substantial growth over the last five years. This was particularly evident by the increasing number of participants attending the NATO/CCMS International Technical Meetings on Air Pollution modelling and its Application. At the last meeting 118 papers and posters were selected from an abundance of submitted abstracts divided over five modelling topics: (i) model assessment and verification, including policy applications, (ii) air pollution modelling in coastal areas with emphasis on the mediterranean region, (iii) accidental atmospheric releases, including warning systems and regulations, (iv) modelling of global and long-range transport and (v) new developments in turbulent diffusion. A round-table discussion chaired by John Irwin (USA) and Jan Kretzschmar (Belgium) on the harmonization of air pollution models was attended by more than 50 scientists and is reported in these proceedings. The opening paper addressed the main issue of this conference: modelling over complex terrain. Of particular interest were coastal areas where the surface inhomogeneities introduce small-scale circulation and varying atmospheric stability, often combined with a complex topography. As the conference was located on the beautiful island of Crete, problems faced by the host nation, particularly Athens and its environs were obvious examples for consideration. These together with other regions with similar geographical features were addressed. Heavily populated and industrialized as they often are, air quality is generally poor there and emission regulations are desired. Obviously, a major task of air pollution dispersion modelling is to assist policy makers in formulating sensible regulations.

Table of Contents

  • Model Assessment and Verification, Including Policy Implications: Air Quality Modeling in Complex Terrains
  • Y. Mahrer. U.K. Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System
  • D.J. Carruthers, et al. Air Pollution Modeling in Coastal Areas with Emphasis on the Mediterranean Region: Weather Conditions During Air Pollution Episodes in Athens, Greece
  • G. Kallos, P. Kassomenos. Modeling of Photosmog Formations in Athens
  • N. Moussiopoulos, et al. Accidental Atmospheric Releases, Including Warning Systems and Regulations: Overview on ATMES
  • W. Klug. Modeling of Global and Long-Range Transport: Review of Numerical Approaches for Modeling Global Transport
  • D.L. Williamson. New Developments in Turbulent Diffusion: LargeEddy Simulation of Atmospheric Dispersion
  • P.J. Mason. Software/Video Presentations and Poster Session: Summary of Application Software Tracer Imager Package
  • W. Weiss, E. Reimer. 82 additional articles. Index.
Volume

10 ISBN 9780306448881

Description

The proceedings of the late 1993 conference comprise papers on topics in integrated regional modeling, global and long-range transport, new modeling developments, accidental releases, and model assessment and verification. In addition, there are two special sessions: Athenian photochemical smog inte
Volume

11 ISBN 9780306453816

Description

Contains papers from the November 1995 meeting, on the main themes of the role of atmospheric models in air pollution policy and abatement strategies, integrated regional modeling, global and long-range transport, new developments, accidental releases, and model assessment and verification. Topics i
Volume

12 ISBN 9780306458217

Description

In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) cstablishcd thc Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pollution was from the thc very beginning one of the priority problems umier deliberation within the tJ-amcwork of various pi- lot studies undertaken by this committee. The organization of a yearly conference dealing with air pollution modelling and its application has become one of the main activities within thc pilot study rclating to air pollution. Pleasc see the listing on the next page for completed NATO/CCMS Pilot Studies and the International Technical Meetings (ITM) on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application. This volume contains the papers at the 22ND lTM, being held in Clermont-Ferrand, France during June 2 -6,1997. It was attended by 152 participants representing 33 countries. This lTM wasjointly organized by the Ris0 National Laboratory of Denmark (pilot country): the Laboratoire Associe de Meteorologic Physique, associated with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Universite Blaise Pascal. and the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, France (host country). We wish to express our gratitude to the sponsors that made this conference possible. In addition to tinancial support from NATO/CCMS, the conference received contributions from Centre National de Recherche Scientitique, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Universite Blaise Pascal, Electricite de France, lnstitut Francais du Pe- trole, Conscil Regional d'Auvergne, Conseil General du Puy de DC1I11e, Mairie de Clermont- Ferrand, SATCAR Semaine des arts techniques et culture de l'automobile et de la route.

Table of Contents

  • Integrated Regional Modeling: Modeling of a Saharan Dust Event
  • G. Cautenet, et al. Temporal and Spatial Scales for Transport and Transformation Processes in the Eastern Mediterranean
  • G. Kallos, et al. Global and Long-Range Transport: Atmospheric Transport-Chemistry Modeling-Some Ideas for the Future
  • P. Builtjes. A Model for Airborne Poli-Dispersive Particle Transport and Deposition
  • M. Galperin, D. Syrakov. ETEX Session: The European Tracer Experiment: Experimental Results and Data Base
  • K. Nodop, et al. Intercomparison of Two Long-Range Lagrangian Particle Models with ETEX Tracer Data
  • F. Desiato, et al. New Developments: Recent Developments in Closure and Boundary Conditions for Lagrangian Stochastic Dispersion Models
  • W.L. Physick. Accidental Releases: An Operational Real-Time Model Chain for Now and Forecasting of Radioactive Atmospheric Releases on the Local Scale
  • T. Mikkelsen, et al. Model Assessment and Verificaton: Numerical Simulation of Meteorological Conditions for Peak Pollution in Paris
  • B. Carissimo. Poster Sessions: 84 Additional Articles. Author Index. Subject Index.
Volume

14 ISBN 9780306465345

Description

Proceedings of the Millennium NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, held May 15-19 in Boulder, Colorado. This volume is the latest in a series of proceedings dating back to 1971. The book addresses the problem of air pollution and reports the latest findings and developments in air pollution modeling, from a truly international list of contributors.

Table of Contents

Role of Atmospheric Models in Air Pollution Policy and Abatement Strategies.- Integrated Regional Modelling.- Global and Long-Range Transport.- Regional Air Pollution and Climate.- New Developments.- Model Assessment and Verification.- Poster Session.

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