Superheavy elements
著者
書誌事項
Superheavy elements
A. Hilger, c1989
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注記
Bibliography: p. [133]-140
Includes indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Superheavy Elements provides a review of the experimental and theoretical investigations of superheavy elements, especially their nuclear aspects. This topic is crucial for the further development of nuclear physics since the currently available data are unable to distinguish between several conflicting models, while predictions for the lifetimes of the most stable superheavy elements vary by as much as nine orders of magnitude. Superheavy Elements also presents many new theoretical aspects and predictions of the Dynamic Deformation Model, developed by the author during the past thirty years. Although many structure related predictions of this model have already been verified experimentally, those concerning fission and alpha-decay (which is for the first time treated as a highly asymmetric fission channel), kinetic shell-correction (a new concept introduced in this book), and superheavy elements await future experimental tests. Specific heavy-ion fusion experiments, which may lead to the discovery of superheavy elements, are suggested. The complicated formalism of the Time-dependent mean field theory utilized for a microscopic description of the nuclear many-body problem has been kept to a minimum, while the main physical concepts and connections with several well-known methods have been emphasized. Hence, this book will appeal to researchers in nuclear physics and chemistry, but the main points can be appreciated by anyone who is excited by the possibility of the discovery of a whole new region of quasi-stable elements with half-lives as large as a thousand years according to the new predictions.
目次
Introduction: Why search for superheavy nuclei? Brief summary of history and present status. Organization of the book. Experimental searches in nature: Terrestrial samples. Extraterrestrial samples. Cosmic rays. Experimental attempts to synthesize superheavy nuclei: Neutron capture reactions. Heavy-ion reactions. Relativistic-proton-induced secondary reactions. Fission degrees of freedom and the potential energy of deformation: The calculation of fission barriers and spontaneous fission half-lives. Modified oscillator model (MOM). Folded Yukawa model (FYM). Two-centre model (TCM). Hartree-Fock method (HFM). Dynamic deformation model (DDM). Zero-point energy of shape and pairing fluctuations: Harmonic vibrations around the spherical shape. Non-linear microscopic theory (DDM). Shell correction in the kinetic energy (DDM). Spherical single-particle levels and the magic numbers: Model dependence of level energies. Reasons for the previously predicted shift of the next proton magic number from 126 to 114. SPL used in the DDM and in some other models. Fission barriers and lifetimes: Experimental estimates of barriers. Measurements of lifetimes. The calculation of lifetimes via barrier penetration. Calculation of the mass parameters. Determination of the fission path (DDM). Competing modes of decay: Beta decay and electron capture. Alpha decay. Particle decay. Gamma-decay. DDM results: Comparison with experiment and predictions for superheavy nuclei: Energies and B(E2) values for selected even - even nuclei. Fission barriers and lifetimes for fission and alpha-decay. Mass and charge asymmetry. Beta-decay, electron capture and total lifetimes. Extrapolations from known lifetimes and predictions for a superheavy island (DDME). Comparison of major predictions for superheavy nuclei. Future prospects: Why must the search for superheavies go on? Which experiments have the best prospects? Criteria for the identification of the superheavy elements. References. Indexes.
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