The phylogeny of human chromosomes
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書誌事項
The phylogeny of human chromosomes
Springer-Verlag, 1979
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Includes bibliographies and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
The question of how man has emerged must be as old as human thought itself. However, it was not until last century that, amidst a storm of opposition and highly emotional criticism, man was first conceived as a product of evolution rather than creation. Moreover, it is not yet thirty years since the chemical composition and molecular structure of the hereditary material was fully understood or the chromosome number of man became known. It should not be surprising then, to find how little, at present, we understand how our genes and chromosomes operate, and how they have evolved during phylogeny. In this work I have discussed how our own chromosomes have been transmitted and altered as far back as we may trace their phylogeny into the past. To make the work more complete, the composition and evolution of our own genome had also to be consiered in order to understand some of the recent findings at the chromosome level. These have resulted from using methods for localizing repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in chromosomes. Moreover, the development of biochemical methods of studying evolution at the macromolecular level has not only led to a more complete understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms, but has enabled us to make comparisons with evolutionary change at the chromosome level. In addition, a simple reference to the fossil record was necessary, because impressive discoveries in recent years have supplied valuable data on man's evolution.
目次
- Section I. The Origin of Man.- 1. Man, the Most Intelligent Ape.- The Human Paradox.- Intelligence, Ape and Man.- References.- 2. The Fossil Record and the Emergence of Modern Man.- Africa Versus Asia
- Darwin Versus Haeckel.- The Fossil Record in Africa.- Yet Man Could Have Emerged in Asia.- Ramapithecus, Dryopithecus and the Great Apes.- From Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.- References.- 3. Man and His Classification.- The Conflict of Organic and Molecular Evolution.- References.- 4. The Theory of Evolution, Genes, and Chromosomes.- Natural Selection and Mendelian Genetics.- Chromosomes, the Vehicles of Inheritance.- References.- Section II. Cytotaxonomy and the Evolution of Man and the Great Apes.- 5. The Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes. The Inference of Interspecific Homology.- Chromosome Number in the Hominidae.- Comparative Studies with Chromosome Banding Techniques.- 1. G-and R-Banding.- 2. Q-Banding.- 3. C-Banding.- 4. G-11 Staining.- 5. Methylated DNA Sequences.- 6. T-Banding.- 7. Ammoniacal Silver (Ag-AS) Staining.- The Inference of Chromosome Homology Through Different Degrees of Similarity.- 1. Chromosomes with Identical Morphology and G- (or R-) Banding Pattern in All Species.- 2. Chromosomes with Very Similar Morphology in All Species.- 3. Homologous Chromosomes Between Species Which Can Be Derived from Each Other by Chromosome Rearrangement of G- (or R-) Band Regions.- 4. Homologous Chromosomes With a Similar Morphology but With G- Banding Pattern Which Neither Coincides With Nor Can be Derived by Chromosome Rearrangement.- 5. Chromosomes Having no Similar Counterpart in Any Other Species.- The Y Chromosome.- References.- 6. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Man and the Great Apes as a Source of Chromosome Variation Within Species.- Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Man.- Chromosome Heteromorphisms in the Great Apes.- 1. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pan troglodytes.- 2. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pan paniscus.- 3. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Gorilla gorilla.- 4. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pongo pygmaeus.- Phylogenetic Implications of Chromosome Variation in the Orangutan.- References.- 7. Chromosome Rearrangement and the Phylogeny of the Hominidae.- Inversions and Telomeric Fusions.- Implications of Chromosome Rearrangement: a Comparison with Other Species.- 1. Inversions.- 2. Translocations and Centric Fission.- 3. Telomeric Fusion.- The Reconstruction of the Ancestral Karyotype of the Hominidae and the Relationship Between Man and the Great Apes.- References.- 8. Chromosome Variation Versus Chromosome Fixation.- Allopatric and Stasipatric Models of Speciation.- References.- Section III. Comparative Gene Mapping And Molecular Cytogenetics. A New Approach to Cytotaxonomy.- 9. Composition of the Human Genome.- Repetitive and Non-Repetitive DNA Sequences.- Palindromes and Tandem Repeats.- Satellite DNA and Sequence Heterogeneity.- References.- 10. Evolution of Non-Repetitive DNA Sequences in Man and the Great Apes.- Nucleotide Substitutions and Phyletic Divergence.- Man and the Great Apes: Phylogenetic Implications.- Is Man an Asian Ape?.- References.- 11. Evolution of Structural Gene Sequences.- Missense Mutations and Amino Acid Substitutions.- Molecular Evolutionary Clocks and the Human-Ape Divergence.- The Maximum Parsimony Approach and the Decelerated Rates of Molecular Evolution in the Higher Primates and Man.- Whence Come Chromosomes?.- References.- 12. Comparative Gene Mapping in Man and Other Primates.- The Evolution of Chromosomes as Syntenic Groups.- The Conservation of the Syntenic Groups Among the Hominidae and Cercopithecoidea.- Comparative Gene Mapping Between Hominidae-Cercopithe- coidea and the Possible Origin of Chromosome 1 in Man.- Are Chromosomes Frozen Accidents?.- Gene Duplication, Polyploidy, and Evolutionary Frozen Chromosomes.- References.- 13. Evolution of Repetitive DNA Sequences in Man and Other Primates.- Repetitive DNA in the Primates.- Repetitive DNA in Man.- Satellite DNAs in Man and Other Organisms. Possible Explanations of Their Evolutionary Conservation.- References.- 14. The Chromosome Distribution of Homologous Sequences to the Four Human Satellite DNAs in the Hominidae.- The Distribution of Satellite I, II, III and IV in the Human Chromosome Complement.- The Distribution of Homologous Sequences to the Four Human Satellite I, II, III, and IV DNA in the Chromosome Complement of the Great Apes.- Interspecific Chromosome Homologies in the Hominidae in Relation to Hybridisation. Independent Amplification of Highly Repetitive DNAs After Speciation.- References.- 15. DNA Composition of Constitutive Heterochromatin in the Chromosome Complement of Man and the Great Apes.- Constitutive Heterochromatin as Demonstrated by C-Banding.- G-11 Regions and Satellite III-Rich Regions.- References.- 16. The Chromosomal Distribution of Ribosomal Genes in Man and the Great Apes.- rDNA Genes in Man.- 18S and 28S Cistrons in the Great Apes and Other Primates.- 5S rDNA Cistrons in Man and the Great Apes.- References.- 17. Late DNA Replicating Patterns in the Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes.- DNA Replication at the Chromosome Level.- DNA Replication Sites in Relation to Chromosome Banding.- The X Chromosome.- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin and DNA Replication.- References.- 18: Evolution of Genome Size in Man and the Great Apes.- The DNA Content of Man and Other Organisms.- Why Has DNA Content Changed?.- References.
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